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Empiria technologiczna nie jest naturalnie ślepym miotaniem się od jednego nieprzemyślanego eksperymentu do drugiego. Wynalazca-praktyk ma jakąś koncepcję, albo raczej – dzięki temu, czego już dokonał (albo czego inni dokonali przed nim), dostrzega mały skrawek drogi przed sobą. Sekwencja jego działań regulowana jest ujemnym sprzężeniem zwrotnym (fiasko eksperymentu wyjaśnia każdorazowo, że nie tędy droga); w efekcie droga jego jest zygzakowata, ale dokądś dąży, ma określony kierunek. Zdobycie wiedzy teoretycznej pozwala na na dokonanie nagłego skoku naprzód.
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Summa technologiae
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Lem, Stanisław
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9788322202692:25
16.09.2012
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Man is neither infallible nor omniscient; if he were, a discipline such as epistemology—the theory of knowledge—would not be necessary nor possible: his knowledge would be automatic, unquestionable and total. But such is not man’s nature. Man is a being of volitional consciousness: beyond the level of percepts—a level inadequate to the cognitive requirements of his survival—man has to acquire knowledge by his own effort, which he may exercise or not, and by a process of reason, which he may apply correctly or not. Nature gives him no automatic guarantee of his mental efficacy; he is capable of error, of evasion, of psychological distortion. He needs a method of cognition, which he himself has to discover: he must discover how to use his rational faculty, how to validate his conclusions, how to distinguish truth from falsehood, how to set the criteria of whathe may accept as knowledge. Two questions are involved in his every conclusion, conviction, decision, choice or claim: What do I know?—and: How do I know it?
It is the task of epistemology to provide the answer to the “How?”—which then enables the special sciences to provide the answers to the “What?”
In the history of philosophy—with some very rare exceptions—epistemological theories have consisted of attempts to escape one or the other of the two fundamental questions which cannot be escaped. Men have been taught either that knowledge is impossible (skepticism) or that it is available without effort (mysticism). These two positions appear to be antagonists, but are, in fact, two variants on the same theme, two sides of the same fraudulent coin: the attempt to escape the responsibility of rational cognition and the absolutism of reality—the attempt to assert the primacy of consciousness over existence.
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09.07.2019
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