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Studies have shown that a number of key reasoning processes need to be learned before children can grasp the basic nature of the physical world. These include the idea of variables in thinking about causal events, together with the necessity of changing the variables one at a time if a proper comparison of their effects is to be made (in thinking about a simple case of equilibrium, such as in balancing a beam, for example, there are four variables - two weights and two distances from the point of support); the idea of probability and correlation; and the whole idea of abstract models to explain, for example, the solar system or the weather . None of these ideas is really natural, and when children have learned these ideas their success in science tests improves dramatically.