♥ Definiens:

Chemical particles that initiated the proces of biological evolution should have the following 5 fundamental properties:

1. they should absorb resources to build themselves
2. they should reproduce themselves
3. they should build themselves on the basis of a design
4. they should have this design stored within themselves
5. this design should also duplicate, with the possibility of change

Remarks:

• The chemical particles that have these fundamental features are RNA particles. There are ribonucleotide sequences that:

  • absorb free ribonucleotides to build themselves; (fundamental property nr. 1)
  • replicate by making complementary copies; (fundamental property nr. 2)
  • their features depend on the sequence of the ribonucleotides they are built from – thus it is the simplest form of interpretation of information; (fundamental property nr. 3)
  • they are, themselves, information and during duplication this information may change due to influence of disturbances. (fundamental properties nr. 4 i 5)

Associated concepts:

• Gerpedelution
• Biological evolution
• RPD-type particles
• RNA

♥ Full definition of Absolute thinking.

Remarks:

• - It's as though if you were a person with only one eye. And you would only see, length and width, and you have no sence of depth. When you take away the one eye, it's the same as what suddenly becomes consciousness, except it's not just the third dimension, it's a multiple dimension. And it exists in thought, in reasoning, in emotion, in imagery because it brings memory into the picture.

  - That's very interesting. I do understand what you mean about three dimensions, but a person who had never seen three dimensions, who I'd said had one, or one eye damaged, would not know what you're talking about, threee dimensions. So perhaps that's why I can't understand…

  - That's exactly right. It's a wholeness that's multifaceted…
  But not multifaceted in separate little categories. Multifaceted in a way that three dimensions brings out a larger picture, a larger sense of itself.

  - Oh, very interesting! I don't understand at all.

Associated concepts:

• Diagram of Absolute Thinking
• Worldview
• Thinking

♥ Definiens:

The process ending with a crisis, which is initiated by the simultaneous action of factors that individually, or in smaller groups, have no or negligible impact on the process.

Remarks:

• An even more insidious initiator of processes inevitably leading to a disaster is a group of several factors occurring at once, which individually or in smaller groups do not pose a threat to the system: And 44 percent of the time, the two pilots have never flown together before, so they’re not comfortable with each other. Then the errors start—and it’s not just one error. The typical accident involves seven consecutive human errors. One of the pilots does something wrong that by itself is not a problem. Then one of them makes another error on top of that, which combined with the first error still does not amount to catastrophe. But then they make a third error on top of that, and then another and another and another and another, and it is the combination of all those errors that leads to disaster.
  [Gladwell Malcolm: "Outliers. The Story of Success" page 118].

Associated concepts:

• Stratum of innocents
• Crisis

♥ Definiens:

A term borrowed from Sanskrit, literally "the concept of Self in any created thing or action". It is a disorder of perception and analysis of reality by living objects caused by the perception of oneself as the main authority – "It is I (or eventually the group to which I belong) about whom the world revolves".

There are two barriers to objective observation: natural barriers of objective observation and ahamkara – the subjective barriers to objective observation.

Ahamkara includes:

1. The Nature of an Honest Man.

2. The conviction of our own omnipotence. Eg.: Nothing will happen to me);

3. Overstated self-esteem: the Dunning–Kruger effect (When people overestimate their knowledge in areas they do not specialise in);

4. The conviction of our own infallibility
   Supreme triumph of reason is self-doubt in his own infallibility - Miguel de Unamuno;

5. Valuation - appropriateness of information according to personal system of values.
   Each of our acts of knowledge is an act of valuing, as in all animals - the so-called recognition rule. You can't free yourself from it, you can only understand it. The value system means that we often reject or distort information. There is no evaluation-free information. - Jan Szymański;

6. Misinterpretation of the received stimuli, resulting from the limitations or "over-zealousness" of the senses. E.g. optical illusions;

7. Lack of knowledge (The sciences have two extremes which meet. The first is the pure natural ignorance in which all men find themselves at birth. The other extreme is that reached by great intellects, who, having run through all that men can know, find they know nothing, and come back again to that same ignorance from which they set out; but this is a learned ignorance which is conscious of itself. Those between the two, who have departed from natural ignorance and not been able to reach the other, have some smattering of this vain knowledge and pretend to be wise. These trouble the world and are bad judges of everything. The people and the wise constitute the world; these despise it, and are despised. They judge badly of everything, and the world judges rightly of them. - Blaise Pascal)

8. Preaching without understanding.
   Nothing is more shameful than to affirm before knowing according to Cycero.

9. After-decision dissonance
   After making a choice, especially when it is irreversible, the tendency to realistically evaluate the alternative disappears. A person begins to stress the advantages of the choice made and the disadvantages of the rejected option.

10. Attachment to previously discovered patterns, knowledge originally acquired and information that first convinced us.
    See Experiment "2,4,6".

11. Thinking using rigid thinking patterns instead of using the absolute thinking;

12. The desire for power, including criticizing and instructing others about what and how to do something,

13. Inadequate moral assessment: so-called Kali syndrome, Why do you look at the speck of sawdust in your brother's eye and pay no attention to the plank in your own eye? - Matthew 7:3. Excessive criticism of someone else's minor flaws without being aware that we have much more serious deficiencies,

14. Inadequate achievement assessment: our own pride and others, such as jealousy;

15. Inadequate response to criticism - the discrepancy between the vision of one's own perfection and its outer reception. See Syndrome of criticism

16. The concept of happiness, that is how you find happiness,

17. The hierarchy of needs (according to Maslow)

    1. Physiological needs (food, shelter, procreation, etc.)
    2. Safety needs (protection against illness, unemployment and age-incapacity for work)
    3. Love/Belonging needs (need of acceptance, love, friendship, belonging to a group, elite)
    4. Esteem needs (need of success, respect, prestige, importance)
    5. Self-fulfillment needs (the need to develop oneself, abilities, talents, interests, confirmation of self-value

18. Narcissism - behaviour consisting of admiring your self and your own characteristics, self-worship. The concept comes from Greek mythology, where the young Narcissus fell in love with his own reflection, which he saw in the water;

19. Desire for fame, respect and prestige;

20. Conformity;

21. Programmability - we are highly vulnerable to propaganda, although we are convinced that it does not affect us at all; See Ron Jones' experiment

22. Fixed-action patterns

23. Populationally typical emotional reactions

24. Reluctance to associate withe people better than us, and often even to those who have done something good for us. Read more

25. …

26. Cognitive biases;

Remarks:

• One result of ahamkara is the Rashomon phenomenon: the phenomenon of subjective perception of memories, which is manifested by the fact that different observers of the same event tell much different, but equally probable, versions of how it happened.

• Distortions of perception of reality caused by our self were originally noticed by Plato: man does not see objects directly, but their projections in the form of shadows on the wall. He cannot see reality because he is sitting in a cave of his own worldly affairs.

• A great observer of ahamkara was French philosopher François de La Rochefoucauld (1613-1680): We defend ourselves against unveiling the real mechanisms that govern people, because we are afraid that they would be discovered in ourselves More maximes by François de La Rochefoucauld

• You envy my medals, but you are not interested in how I got them.

• People, if they can, want to live and prosper at someone else's expense. This lust is rooted in the nature of man, in a primitive, universal, and unadorned instinct to satisfy his own needs with minimal effort.
  - Frédéric Bastiat

• Who would go beyond the pattern he had studied for over 15 years?

Associated concepts:

• Barriers to objective observation
• Fixed-action patterns
• Populationally typical emotional reactions

Quotes from literature: in Polish or Google English from Polish

• associated with Ahamkara

Definiens:

In sociology, anomie is a societal condition defined by an uprooting or breakdown of any moral values, standards, or guidance for individuals to follow. Anomie may evolve from conflict of belief systems and causes breakdown of social bonds between an individual and the community (both economic and primary socialization).

[Wikipedia eng., 2020.08.25]

Associated concepts:

• Crisis

♥ Definiens:

Pursuance while carrying out an analysis of the opponent object's behaviour. It consists of drawing conclusions from the observed movements of the opponent and controlling own actions in such a way that either:

• act coherently - that is to foresee, for example, opponent's position in the future and be in the same place at that time or

• anticipate - which is to predict exactly what the opponent will do at a given moment and overcome their actions.

• defeat the opponent using their own resources, e.g. in the form of momentum or swing. The Japanese named this kind of action judo - a gentle way.

• force an opponent to react in a specific way and use this reaction to your needs - counter-attack

• having a palette of counterattacks to the known actions of the opponent, sense coming actions and effectively eliminate the threat - combination.

Definiens:

attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities.

Remarks:

Quotes from literature: in Polish or Google English from Polish

• associated with Anthropomorphism

Definiens:

A natural process of programmed cell death in multicellular organisms. Thanks to this mechanism, worn or damaged cells are removed from the body. Apoptosis can be compared to a planned cell suicide aimed at improving the welfare of the whole organism. [See the "I/group" dilemma].

♥ Definiens:

Checking how the discovered rules and laws work in practical situations.

♥ Definiens:

The process of losing self-esteem and effectiveness of people in power.

Associated concepts:

• Biedocraticization
• Elitism
• Degeneration of power
• Model of governance
• Typical instruments of governance

Quotes from literature: in Polish or Google English from Polish

• Power makes stupid - Fryderyk Nietzsche;
• Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely - John Dalberg-Acton;
• associated with Aristocraticization

♥ Definiens:

The phenomenon of creating messages that have upset the process of observation. Artificially false messages are one of the elements of the barriers to objective observation.

Remarks:

• One of the main sources of artificially false messages are people in power applying social engineering.

Associated concepts:

• Ahamkara
• Barrier in processing of information
• Barriers to objective observation
• Matrix
• Methods of the elimination of distortion of observation
• Naturally false messages

Quotes from literature: in Polish or Google English from Polish

• associated with Naturally & artificially false messages

♥ Definiens:

Detailed description of Solomon Asche's Conformity Experiment on www.simplypsychology.org

One of the most important sociological experiments in The Physics of Life, showing that people conform for two main reasons:

1. because they want to fit in with the group (Normative influence)
2. because they believe the group is better informed than they are (Informational influence).

Links:

• Reenactment of the original Solomon Asch Conformity Experiment
• Amusing film showing conformity: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BgRoiTWkBHU

Associated concepts:

• Conformity
• Matrix
• The most important experiments of The Physics of Life

♥ Definiens:

In systems theory, attractor is the set of states in phase space (a space in which all possible states of a system are represented), in which, over time, all the states of all system properties tend to reach for this set of states. An attractor can be a point (equilibrium position), curve (trajectory), closed curve (limit cycle) or fractal (strange attractor).

Attractor "attracts", as its name implies, the states of the system properties. When the system has several attractors, each of which has its own area of attraction.

The existence of attractors are evident in many areas including biology, physics, astronomy, economics and social psychology.

Remarks:

• The opposite of an attractor is a repeller

• The characteristic features of biological evolution: speciation, endosymbiosis and symbiogenesis cause that organic matter absorbs inorganic matter to become biocenosis - the attractor. Transformation of biocenosis over time illustrates the HeKroGram.

♥ Definiens:

Atlases/Looters - a fundamental classification of humans. Communities owe their existence to Atlases (Producers). They are pushing the world forward, producing the desired goods, making breakthrough inventions and exchanging them on the principle of free market. Looters (Thieves) do not produce, they do everything to take over someone else's resources, without giving anything in return. They take over, of course, on the basis of theft, plunder or robbery, effectively cheating using the tactics of behaviour from the series of cheating von tactics.

Remarks:

• This classification was proposed by Ayn Rand and brilliantly described in her book "Atlas Shrugged"

• The Physics of Life uses the same classification: Producers (generators of desired resources) and Thieves (annihilators of the desired resources). See Producers/Thieves

• Other classification: ants versus grasshoppers.

• Other classification: victims versus predators.

• Other classification: makers versus takers.

Associated concepts:

• Producers/Thieves
• von Croesuss tactics
• Rich

Quotes from literature: in Polish or Google English from Polish

• associated with Atlases/Looters

♥ Definiens:

System (/object), which generates the processes that change the system itself or its components.

Examples:

• Biological evolution occurring in the Earth's ecosystem, whose elements are all living objects, their behaviour makes the next generation of living objects different from their predecessors and they also behave differently. (An example of continuous iterative autodynamism).

• The man cutting off the branch on which he is sitting. (It is an example of singular autodynamism).

  

Associated concepts:

• Pursuance
• Flow system
• Systems engineering
• Dissipative system/object

♥ Definiens:

Resergy balancing means balancing not only the additive and conservative values of matter and energy, but also balancing information that is neither additive nor conservative. The purpose of this balancing is to make specific decisions about the further operation of a living object.

This balancing is very difficult because, in the case of matter and energy, it can be based on strict mathematical methods, while in the case of information, precision is doubtful. It is due to the nature of information: it is not possible to consider all variants, therefore experience is used, i.e. innate or acquired patterns of behaviour tested in given or similar circumstances. Information balancing involves determining probability distribution in a given decision area, taking into account your current capabilities and only based on making a decision that is still burdened with a certain probability of success or, in other words, a risk of failure.

Remarks:

• Today, too, it is believed that nothing is so helpful to solve a problem as the office. However, this is an absurd point of view at first glance. The Office employs officials. It is in the interest of civil servants, once they have been hired, paid and given some power, to keep all this as long as possible…. Meanwhile, the pretext for which the office was established was to solve a problem. If the problem is resolved, the Office should be brought to an end without delay. In such a situation, the officials working for the Office have no interest in resolving the problem quickly. On the contrary, it is in their personal interest to take as long as possible to solve the problem… - S. Michalkiewicz

Associated concepts:

• Resergy
• Desergy

Definiens:

Associated concepts:

• First Law of The Physics of Life
• Primary class struggle

• connected with the concept of Bankers

Diary:

• 2021.10.31 - Thomas Jefferson's brilliant quotes on bankers

♥ Definiens:

The inability to make a one hundred percent faithful simulation of a complex system behaviour or, in other words, the inability to build a one hundred percent faithful model of a certain class of systems.

Remarks:

• A simple proof of this is that one is unable to build a computer, which can memorise the whole history of all its memory cells, because it needs supplementary cells which were not part of the original memory.

Associated concepts:

• Ahamkara
• Barriers to objective observation
• Naturally false messages
• Artificially false messages
• Matrix
• Methods of the elimination of distortion of observation

♥ Definiens:

Inability to make true observations of reality due to the following groups of distortions:

• passive distortion when being observed: observation influences the observed object and may change it or it's behaviour. [See Heisenberg's uncertainty principle];

• active distortion when being observed: if the observed object is self-conscious of the fact of being observed it could react pursuancely and use any methods known in order to confuse the observer. [See: Syndrome of Matrix]

• passive distortion of observation: both the observer and the instruments which are being used to observe have their own characteristics, and these distort the observation. A man who can not naturally hear infrasound cannot understand the behaviour of elephants and whales, which use them to communicate over long distances;

• active distortion of observation: if the observing object is self-conscious, usually they behave typically for its population, of which it is a member. Populationally typical emotional reactions, therefore, can filter the information that comes and "see only what they want to see" and/or "not see the obvious". A native will see their own country through rose-tinted glasses;

• distortion due to the delay of information: due to the fact that the information gained from observed objects does not reach the observer instantaneously. The observer therefore sees no current state of the object, but a previous state;

• impossibility of simultaneous observation: one observer is not able to observe several processes taking place at the same time or one process from different points of view.

• naturally false messages

• artificially false messages

These factors are related to the observation itself. After observation, the information is analysed and conclusions are drawn. Any natural disturbance at this stage is ahamkara.

Remarks:

• We observe the world around us through our senses. Their operation is based on very simple principle - a factor, such as a photon (or a sound wave), reflected from the observed (or listened) object or emitted by it, splashes the sensory receptor cells and causes a change in their condition. It is easy to see that if such a factor can change the state of the cells in the same way may change the state of the observed object, if it is sufficiently small. Therefore, that observation may change the observed object, and this leads to the conclusion that we will never be able to accurately measure all states of all the surrounding objects.

• These restrictions do not only include objects of a small size but also large and distant objects. If the information about them (or its elements) reaches us in five minutes, then we do not observe their current state but how it was five minutes ago.

• As far as observation is concerned, Far Eastern philosophy states that every living creature in this world is subject to four basic flaws:

  • imperfect senses
  • succumbing to illusions
  • tendency to deceive themselves and others ("I know that's not true, but in front ofothers I willpretend that it is")
  • inevitable mistakes

  • The proof of this are optical illusions.

Associated concepts:

• Ahamkara
• Barrier in processing of information
• Naturally false messages
• Artificially false messages
• Matrix
• Methods of the elimination of distortion of observation

♥ Definiens:

The basic mechanism that causes the enrichment of the community. The permission for producers to accumulate profits from the voluntary exchange of their production surplus.

Only those social groups that can ensure the dominant advantage of Makers over Takers can grow.

Remarks:

• In history, when there were economic crises, leaders used this mechanism in order to escape the crisis. Examples include: Catherine the Great in Russia (18th Century), Lenin in the USSR (1921), Liu Shaoqi in Peoples Republic of China (1962) and the new, post-communist government in Poland in the 1990's.

• The primary factor in the development of societies are the rule of law (not lawyers), and the resulting respect for property acquired through their own work - Andy Eyschen.

• English name proposed: BFDS - Basic Factor for Development of Societies

• [In China during the Great Starvation] of these 45 million, from 1 to 3 million people committed suicide and 2.5 million were beaten to death by party cadres, because, as one bitter scientist says: "they did not work hard enough, they dared to protest, because they moved too slowly, because one morning they did not have the strength to go to work, because in some cases they were considered to be too old or too sick - and what to do with such a person? Continue to feed them?".

  In China, this period is officially called the "three years of natural disasters" and hardly anyone knows it's real story. In fact, says Dikötter, these "disasters" were almost entirely caused by people. The Communist Party herded hundreds of millions of peasants into collective farms in order to improve the performance of agriculture and industry, and to begin to compete with the superpowers (China intended to overtake Britain in steel production in 15 years). This radical collectivization simply destroyed the incentive to work. Agricultural productivity collapsed - hence hunger.
  [Quotation from the article "The great famine and great shame" - Sunday Times
  http://ciekawe.onet.pl/spoleczenstwo/wielki-glod-i-wielki-wstyd,2,4790703,artykul.html]

• Everyone should have the same phone, live in similar houses, drive identical cars or better, a bike (why rush). Everyone should wear the same clothes. Then there will be no divisions. It was the case not so long ago in China and it doesn't work… If one tries harder, you can afford more and it shows by you driving a top-of-the-range car and talking on the best mobile phone. And it is OK, because others will want the same, and this motivates them to act. This is the engine of progress. In this way we get to know the world around us and take possession of it (in a few years we will even explore Mars). The fact that people want better things and chase money, causes that now we can treat such diseases as: diabetes with human insulin produced by mutant bacteria. The drug companies do not invent new drugs, not because they are so noble, but for the fact that their CEO's want to have an even newer model of Bentley. - ~egon:

Quotes from literature: in Polish or Google English from Polish

• associated with BFDS

♥ Definiens:

Behaviour are changes in the state of a set of properties of an object. It can be seen as a mathematical process.

Definiens:

Giving a high probability of the truth to a statement without total knowledge.

Remarks:

• If someone has no purpose and meaning in life he is more vulnerable to believe, any belief without scrutiny without questions

  Barun Mitra

Links:

• Out of Shadows Official

• Perception
• Probability distribution

♥ Definiens:

Benchmarking is the practice of comparing performance of a company to industry the best and best from other companies.

Quality, time and cost are usually measured. On this basis, performance is determined using specific indicators, for example: cost per unit of measure, productivity per unit of measure, cycle time of x per unit of measure or defects per unit of measure. This results in a measurable level of performance that is then comparable. After comparing the results, one goes on to analyse which causative factors (eg. business processess) need to be ajusted to be able to compete with market leaders. Then they are implemented.

Other definientia:

• A standard of excellence, achievement, efficiency etc., against which similar things must be measured or judged.

• Any standard or reference by which others can be measured or judged.

• An established point of reference against which something can be measured in tests comparing their performance, reliability, etc.

♥ Definiens:

An educational method of leaving a person with a problem, with the view that he can overcome it by himself, learning and gaining new experiences. In cases where the person is not fit to find a solution, small steps are needed to help. The teacher can only intervene to:

• stop a catastrophe
• provide a gentle push in the right direction

The core of the method is to help the person to find their own solutions with as little guidance as possible. Applying benign neglect ensures that the participant receives no lasting damage, accepting that small failures are expected. This method teaches pursuance in the most perfect way. The people subjected to this method learn anticipation and, subsequently, how to out-think or out-plan an opponent. Learning by experience is the most effective way.

Associated concepts:

• Subsidiarity
• Description in the journal of 2013

♥ Definiens:

The process of acquiring self-esteem and increase effectiveness of people living in poor conditions. The opposite to aristocraticization.

Remarks:

• Strength borns out of necessity, and dies from the lack of it. - Leonardo da Vinci

Associated concepts:

• Aristocraticization

Quotes from literature: in Polish or Google English from Polish

• associated with Biedocraticization

♥ Definiens:

Biological evolution is a process that, in terrestrial conditions, called into existence living objects and continues to shape their subsequent generations. Biological evolution is a self-excited natural process generated by the RPD phenomenon, which is the constructor of objects by grouping chemical molecules, then their disintegration and re-reconstruction. The other natural phenomenon influencing biological evolution involves the synthesis of proteins based on the information stored in DNA and RNA particles, which are also RPD-type particles, and which are also carriers of information upon which the proteins are built from amino acids.

The RPD phenomenon was the ignition from which all life began. The RPD also called into existence the following processes:

• The first stage of gerpedelution - the natural synthesis of proteins;

• The second stage of gerpedelution - selection due to a conflict of interest in the environment in which, for the multiplication of RPD-type objects, the resources required for this multiplication ceased to exist;

• The third stage of gerpedelution - the reproduction with different types of defects within the RPD particles, which are the carriers of the designs (e.g. particles of RNA and DNA) for synthesising the protein structures.

Biological evolution is an example of an autodynamic system, consisting of objects, the interactions between them and the self-reconstructing processes excited by the system itself. Note, the system in our case is constructed from: all living objects, their designs stored within them and the external conditions in which they operate - that is, the gravitational field in the water and air near the surface of the Earth. This system generates a process, which changes the system itself, which in turn changes the process generated by it and so on. [New definition: autodynamic system - system exciting processes which rebuilds the system].

Therefore the three stages of gerpedelution in terrestrial biological evolution were, in their initial phase, clearly separated from each other and occurred in sequence, but when feedback started to effect RPD-type objects, these steps began to overlap and intersect. From a certain point in biological evolution, we started to consider these RPD-type objects as living objects. An example of overlapping can be memetic designs, which are continually shaping living objects during its life and mitochondria, which are separately subjected to "their own biological evolution" within every cell of every living object.

5 characteristic features of biological evolution:  

1. The first characteristic feature (the ambiguity of improvement):
   
   provided that the selection function is strong enough, the subsequent generations of objects subjected to it have an increasingly perfect form (to achieve their life purpose). When the selection function is weak, the subsequent generations of objects subjected to it are less and less perfect (to achieve their life purpose).

2. The second characteristic feature of biological evolution (the orthogonality of improvement):
   
   in the case of the strong selection function, the perfection manifests itself:

   1. in the change of the tactics of structure and the tactics of behaviour, leading to consistently winning conflicting situations, or
   2. in aggregation of cooperation, linking living objects (or RPD-type particles) into groups, for example: cells, organs, flocks, swarms, schools, societies, which are also associated with continually improving the achievement of the life purpose.

   Summary: biological evolution, at the same time, aggregates productive cooperation and improves theft mechanisms.

3. The third characteristic feature of biological evolution (the speed of coercion for improvement):
   
   Biological evolution very quickly leads to the depletion of free resources. Consequently, the objects subjected to biological evolution are forced to compete for the available resources. And competing results in a very strong selection function.

4. The fourth characteristic feature of biological evolution (the complexity of improvement):
   
   Biological evolution perfects subsequent generations of living objects in terms of the efectiveness of their life purpose: absorb resources then multiply.

5. The fifth characteristic feature of biological evolution (the ability to differentiate):
   
   in the case of a strong selection, the aggregation of cooperation gradually, in subsequent generations, leads to specialization, due to the Law of Comparative Advantage.

More information about the difficulties in understanding Biological evolution and the probability of the emergence of life can be found on a separate subpage.

Remarks:

• Who are we in the end? We are a part of a force which acts badly in producing goodness. Paraphrasing "Faust" by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
  So what then are living objects? The result of a process whereby the vast majority is killed by selection in order to create the perfect minority. [John Freeslow]

• It is not true that, from the very beginning, Polish and Ukrainian were two separate languages, and dialects were their branches. No, at first there were numerous dialects, and only from them did the process of shaping the literary languages begin. And so, if there were two Ukrainian states, it could give birth to two different languages: A-Ukrainian and B-Ukrainian. Because the state itself does not create a nation, bu it can affect the language and this, in turn, will shape the state. [Janusz Korwin-Mikke, NCzas 19/2011, str. XLIV]

Associated concepts:

• Gerpedelution
• Evolutionary game model
• Evoluant
• Evolution
• Chain of succession
• Evolutionary self-supporting object
• Prevoluant
• Evolutionary popping

♥ Definiens:

Biosystem is composed of all living objects, their generational sequences, the processes that these sequences generate and the feedback of these processes on the subsequent generations of living objects. In other words it is the ecosystem analysed throughout its development.

Remarks:

• Biological evolution is a component of biosystem.

• The concept has been introduced to draw special attention to the fact that biological evolution can not be regarded in isolation from the objects subjected to it, especially living objects. To better understand all phenomena associated with life, it is worth using this term.

• Life should be analyzed through the prism of the set of all living objects, their generational sequences, the processes that these sequences generate and the feedback of these processes on the subsequent generations of living objects.

Associated concepts:

• Ecosystem
• Autodynamic system

Definiens:

Something or someone that prevents something from happening or succeeding:

• I've installed an ad blocker so I don't get all those annoying adverts popping up when I'm browsing.
• The board needs to identify staff who are blockers of company's development.

Remarks:

Definiens:

An organizational system in which authority is linked to the office. That is, rulers are appointed, not elected.

Remarks:

♥ Definiens:

One of the most important sociological experiments in The Physics of Life, showing that even when living conditions are ideal, the population may self-destruct due to a dramitic decline to an unsustainable fertility rate.

Full description of John Calhoun's experiment.

Associated concepts:

• S-Nastu hypothesis
• Jones' experiment

♥ Definiens:

The generic name given to the factors of any kind, which cause a given object / system to meet the criteria of objectivity. These include initiators, constructors, destructors, and terminators.

Remarks:

• William Shakespeare was the causative factor of the object "Macbeth".

• The owner of a factory is the causative factor of the object "factory" and the process "efficient production" (a process can also be considered as an object).

• In less general terms, causative factors could be called shaping factors.

Associated concepts:

• object
• initiators
• constructors
• destructors
• terminators

♥ Definiens:

Sequence of logic elements (e.g. events or genes) that undergo a certain criterion gives a logical truth as an answer. However, if any of the elements are added, removed or shifted, this criterion will no longer be met.

Remarks:

• Victory is not the sum, but the correct sequence of events.

• Projects have the character of a chain of layers. If you want to realize the project, not only the correctness of the implementation of the elements, but also the order in which they are installed.

• The result is that the calculations taken for granted are based on a series of nested (chained) assumptions, each of which can be a source of error.

Associated concepts:

• Chain of succession

Quotes from literature: in Polish or Google English from Polish

• associated with Chain of layers

♥ Definiens:

The name consists of two words: Chain - indicates an ordering on the basis of the subsequent components one by one. Succession carries two meanings: direct - in the sense that there is a transfer of something (e.g. information or ownership) following the object before - and the second, which can be seen as controversial, the transfer is done because one of the objects was a success (e.g. reproductive success).

Remarks:

• The line of succession of teaching: the concept present in Vaishnavism philosophy - chain of the transmission of knowledge: those who were not taught do not have the right to teach.

• Not only have you been lucky enough to be attached since time immemorial to a favored evolutionary line, but you have also been extremely-make that miraculously-fortunate in your personal ancestry. Consider the fact that for 3.8 billion years, a period of time older than the Earth's mountains and rivers and oceans, every one of your forebears on both sides has been attractive enough to find a mate, healthy enough to reproduce, and sufficiently blessed by fate and circumstances to live long enough to do so. Not one of your pertinent ancestors was squashed, devoured, drowned, starved, stranded, stuck fast, untimely wounded, or otherwise deflected from its life's quest of delivering a tiny charge of genetic material to the right partner at the right moment in order to perpetuate the only possible sequence of hereditary combinations that could result-eventually, astoundingly, and all too briefly-in you.
  Bill Bryson "A Short History of Nearly Everything" page 3.

Associated concepts:

• Chain of layers
• Genetic chain of succession
• Memetic chain of succession

♥ Definiens:

Chaos theory is a branch of mathematics focusing on the study of property of a system which behaves radically differently depending on the initial conditions. An even infinitesimally small change in these conditions (see disturbance) cause a significant change in the quantitative or qualitative behaviour of the system.

♥ Definiens:

Characteristics it is a regularity in the response of a system to an external stimuli, regularity which can be described to some extent (e.g. by a function).

If we know the full set of stimuli that can affect the system, and we know how the system responds to each of them, we can say that we know all the possible behaviours of the system. However, because we are limited by the barrier in processing of information, in order not to remember the entire set of stimuli-response we try to look for some regularities that are called characteristic. If we manage to store such characteristic in the form of e.g. a function, it allows for low memory usage and their mathematical analysis.

Characteristic of the behaviour is the shortest description possible which gives the most information about the behaviour.

Associated concepts:

• 5 characteristic features of biological evolution
• Natural tendency
• Game's characteristic elements

♥ Definiens:

A set of characteristic features of people involved in politics:

1. Maintenance of power - the first and the foremost concern of people in power is to do everything not to lose this power. In the past they lied less, because the physical elimination of political opponents was the most efficient. Today, killing is used less often, while the art of presenting a false picture of reality has been brought to mastery. Nowadays, in a system of representative democracy, governments, pursuing their goal, manipulate citizens like children. They lie to voters with sweet promises in order to buy their vote.

2. Centralization of power - doing everything to have the most power.

3. Distribution - people like to get everything for free (see the Nature of Honest Man). The rulers know this very well and use it. Under various, heart-catching slogans, they take from one group and, after deducting a large part for themselves, which they believe is due, they give away the rest. They have to take it, because they don't produce anything themselves.

4. Bureaucratic management - it is the belief of the rulers that the government process can be reduced to one simple rule: all problems can be solved by making the right provision and/or employing the right number of officials. This, of course, results in the collapse of society by numerous laws and regulations. After all, there are so many of them that no one controls them and, worse, many of them contradict each other. However, it doesn't bother those who rule - the more you talk, the better you are. After all, you can always interpret the law differently. And for lawyers it's paradise on earth. Interestingly, there were countries where governments were based entirely on the bureaucratic apparatus, but they all ended miserably. Regulations cannot be replaced by common sense and regulations cannot force creative thinking.

5. The conviction that giving money is enough to get work done efficiently and effectively. However, history shows that state institutions are far from efficiency and effectivness, and many of them still have to be subsidized.

6. Tax increases, indebtedness and money spoilage. Of course, money is needed to govern by giving away. To obtain it, rulers have used several methods proven throughout history:

   1. They collect taxes - which are a compulsory financial charge or some other type of levy. In theory, taxes should be used to fund the necessary public expenditures. As the ruling history shows, taxes increase and increase their amount more often, cases of their reduction or cessation of their collection are extremely rare.

   2. They take bank loans.

   3. They ruin money - this is the most wicked method of creating money "from almost nothing." In the past, the ruler took a kilogramme of gold coins, smelted them and added a kilogramme of copper, then knocked out two kilogrammes of "gold" coins. The ancients gave an adequate name to this practice - inflation, meaning bulge or filling out. However, the host of helpful servants of the government changed the definition of inflation so that hardly anyone understood it. Recently, it is no longer spoiling money by smelting it and adding less valuable metals to it, now it is "raising prices by producers". Nice operation, change of definition and shifts responsibility to unguilty producers.

   4. They profit from state-owned enterprises - it is a theory, because in practice state-owned enterprises are unprofitable and instead of generating income they have to be subsidized.

   5. The practice of seizing public money.

7. To achieve their goals they use social engineering tools.

8. Propaganda - all this inept governance must be masked with something. Propaganda, or fake news, (see also Von tactics…) is used for this, and everything revolves around two theses: if something is positive - it is thanks to those in power, if negative it is a natural process or the action of the enemies of state.

9. Continuous expansion of statism A state employee is a state dependent employee. Dependent, i.e. executing the orders of those in power. If he doesn't do it, he can be released. Statism arises from the desire to centralize power - the desire to make everyone dependent on the rulers.

10. Nepotism and PMF-ism PMF - Passive, Mediocre but Faithful.

11. Reluctance to systems solutions. System solutions make certain processes happen on their own. And the rulers don't like it. Better the separation of privileges and favouring through financing is better. They can then prove that they rule.

12. Personal values and ideals change. It is commonly said that "power changes people", "power tends to corrupt and absolute pover corrupts absolutely". With the change of social position these may change: emotionality, self-esteem, the way we process information, the way one acts or to empathize changes. And this occures beyond one awareness. It is observed in those in power:

    1. A growing belief that they deserve to have power and to control others
    2. The tendency to base moral judgments on general rules, while ignoring individual issues - "authority is blind" to the issues of individuals
    3. As their position increases, the tendency to consider someone else's perspective decreases
    4. Political leaders, managers, heads of companies "turn off" empathy. They listen to themselves rather than to other people
    5. They fall into pride, arrogance and egotism. This is usually initiated by some political success, sometimes it is enough that they have been elected or appointed.

    The greatest curse of any power are pride, arrogance and the addiction to power. Everybody who has power is sussceptible to these traits including heads of small and large companies, people who have positions of authority, but politicians are particularly sussceptible.

13. Dividing society. As a result of all these factors, there is a division into "us" and "them", well known from the last years of socialism in Poland. We - the nation, and they - the rulers, but all their governance is certainly not caring for the development of the country.

14. Creating conflicts. Divide society into classes, groups,… Define them and set them in conflict against each other.

15. Creating problems. They create some problem that didn't exist before. They invente enemies from outside and inside the country or the company to create power to themselves. Ergo: invent an artificial problem to deal with it and gain more power over the people.

Diary:

• 2021.10.31 - Thomas Jefferson's brilliant quotes about those in power

♥ Definiens:

A simple pursuance without carrying out an analysis of the opponent object's behaviour. Is based on target location, setting the direction of the pursuit and directing its generalized speed in accordance with this direction.

Definiens:

The cobra effect occurs when actions taken for a given purpose are counterproductive. This term is used to illustrate the causes of incorrect actions taken in the economy and politics.

Remarks:

• The term "cobra effect" originated in an anecdote that describes an occurrence during India under British rule. The British government was concerned about the number of venomous cobras in Delhi. The government therefore offered a bounty for every dead cobra. Initially this was a successful strategy as large numbers of snakes were killed for the reward. Eventually, however, enterprising people began to breed cobras for the income. When the government became aware of this, the reward program was scrapped, causing the cobra breeders to set the worthless snakes free; the wild cobra population further increased. [Wikipedia stan 2020.10.28]

Associated concepts:

• Cycle of failure
• Economy

Definiens:

the process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience and senses.

Remarks:

• Emotions have a great impact on cognition.

Associated concepts:

Definiens:

Psychological stress that occurs when events, facts, opinions, beliefs, theses, ideas and values expressed by someone else are not consistent with your own beliefs, ideas and values.

Associated concepts:

• Ahamkara

♥ Definiens:

Simplified models of complex natural processes occurring in life. These include:

1. Glubb cycle
2. Social Cycle
3. Revolution's cycle
4. Biological evolution
5. Gerpedelution
6. Goethe's_model_of_society
7. Prisoner's dilemma
8. Iterated cooperation dilemma
9. Iterated prisoner's dilemma
10. Small evolution
11. Model KSP: King, shaman, people
12. Model of a gardener
13. Model SDC: Shepherd, dogs, cattle
14. Model of a board
15. How Life Is Competing model
16. How Life Is Competing and Evolving model
17. Natural Pressure for Social Exploitation

Associated concepts:

• The most important experiments in The Physics of Life

♥ Definiens:

The notion of concidence (from the Latin concido - sink, die) is somewhat contradictory to emergence, it is a decline in the subjective perception of an observer, of certain properties within the rising complexity of the system. When we measure the temperature of water, we are not interested in the properties of the individual particles that it consists of.

Associated concepts:

• Emergence

♥ Definiens:

A situation in which:

• object N wants exactly the same thing that object C wishes to avoid
• both objects want the same thing, but only one of them can get it,

Associated concepts:

• Mathematical game theory
• Competition
• Pursuance
• Dilemma

♥ Definiens:

a change in belief or behaviour due to the real or imagined influence of a social group.

Other definientia:

• Conformity is the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours to group norms or politics.[1] Norms are implicit, specific rules, shared by a group of individuals, that guide their interactions with others. People often choose to conform to society rather than to pursue personal desires because it is often easier to follow the path others have made already, rather than creating a new one. This tendency to conform occurs in small groups and/or society as a whole, and may result from subtle unconscious influences (predisposed state of mind), or direct and overt social pressure. Conformity can occur in the presence of others, or when an individual is alone. For example, people tend to follow social norms when eating or watching television, even when alone. [Wikipedia 20191017]

Remarks:

• Social engineering programmes human behaviour using, amongst others, conformity.

Associated concepts:

• Asch Conformity Experiment
• Syndrome of conforming

Links:

• John Paul the II - Conformity
• "Prudential: Everybody's Doing It": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BgRoiTWkBHU

♥ Definiens:

Any factors extending the LOAO in any way. They strengthen the ability of an object to fulfill the criteria of objectivity. If the fulfillment of this criteria can be measured, the constructors increase its value.

Remarks:

• Constructors of the object "fence" include: painting, maintenance and repair, search for paint to discover which protects the rails for longer;

Associated concepts:

• object
• causative factors
• initiators
• destructors
• terminators

Quotes (in Google Polish) from literature:

• related to the concept of Constructors

Definiens:

The undeniable truth is that economic freedom in the pursuit of individual profit brings collective benefits. Therefore, a free market entrepreneur who risks capital in the pursuit of profit is, in effect, a social benefactor.

Definiens:

Constructors pushing societies into socialism:

1. Human nature.

2. Man's natural willingness to live at the expense of others.

3. Envy that others have more than I do.

4. Hostility towards the rich.

5. Assigning the state a higher moral value than the individual.

6. The belief that the rulers, like parents, want the best for us and that, like parents, they know how to provide it to us.

7. Seeing interpersonal relationships as a zero-sum game - and the resulting belief that the rich get richer and the poor get poorer.

8. Von Sociall tactic used by rulers. In other words, the blind faith that a welfare state which can deal, by itself, with the abuses of its employees is possible.

9. The common fear of individuals of finding themselves in the worst-off social group, which is supposed to justify a departure from the principle of self-ownership and inviolability of property rights.

10. The belief that goods and services in the economy exist just like that and appear like manna from heaven, ready to be distributed.

11. Statism favoured by educators.

12. The belief that capitalism results in the widening of the wealth gap between the rich and the poor.

13. We are so programmed, by biological evolution, that socialist form of government intuitively seems to be the best. Most of us are so sure about this, that no historical facts can change this view. Moreover, these facts do not force most people to reflect, but they perform Cognitive dissonance.

Remarks:

• People are convinced of the positive impact of all scholarship programmes, grants, subsidies etc., because they are infected by the virus of socialism - we would like to get everything for free ourselves.

Associated concepts:

• Socialism

Definiens:

Competition is an economic mechanism in which various objects maximize yields from a limited pool of resources. For example, producers and sellers compete for buyers, consumers compete for goods, entrepreneurs for production factors, employees for jobs. To maximize yield, the price, quality, breadth of the offer, specialization, comprehensiveness, timeliness, delivery time, security, confidentiality, modernity, etc. are used.

Competition causes companies to develop new products, services and technologies, which allow consumers to make more choices and buy better products. Competition is a natural mechanism that ensures the lowest prices for the best products. If there was no competition (monopoly) or if competition was limited (oligopoly) the products and offer would be expensive and/or of low quality.

Associated concepts:

• Free market
• Game theory
• Conflict of interest

♥ Definiens:

A rule that specifies how to control systems (e.g. social): the more frequent the corrections, the smaller they are; the less frequent they are, the larger they have to be. Since the correction involves a cost that the system must incur to implement it, it is easy to notice that in the case of destabilizing disturbances, the later it is introduced, the higher the cost.

The cost of the correction is represented by vertical lines on the chart. The graph shows that the sum of faster adjustments is smaller than the late adjustment. In the event that the correction cost was represented by the area under the curve (this is the case in most real systems), the correction cost would be even higher.

Remarks:

• The correction rule applies to the control of systems generating monotonic processess.

Associated concepts:

• Crisis
• Rule

Definiens:

Creative destruction is the effect of the evolutionary ratchet mechanism, which allows living objects or their aggregations (see organizational levels of living objects), who better fulfill the purpose of life, to pass through the selection stage, while those who do not pass are destroyed.

This is a phenomenon which denies living objects the right to life. From our perspective, this is a negative thing, relating to suffering. It occurs when there is a:

1. strong selection function,
2. high rate of reproduction,
3. selection function destroys objects that do not meet its requirements.

It should be noted, however, that the above factors perform better when there is a large number of objects to chose from. It is the foundation of the creation of new tactics of structure and tactics of behaviour that improve the chances of achieving the purpose of life. The larger the selection pool the easier it is to select what is needed. However, this means that a greater number of living objects are unsuccessful and are destroyed.

Remarks:

• The concept of creative destruction is perfectly captured in the quotation from the poem "Faust" by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Who are you then? I am part of that power which eternally wills evil and eternally works good. Paraphrasing, it can be said that living objects are the result of a process which, through selection, does not allow the vast majority of them to reproduce, but chooses a perfect minority.
  "The 59 keys for understanding the beginning of life", page. 100.

• Creative destruction - an expression appearing in the works of Michail Bakunin (1814-1876), Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) and Werner Sombart (1863-1941). In the book "Capitalism, Socialism, Democracy", the Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter (1883-1950) popularized the term, using it to describe the transformation process that accompanies a groundbreaking discovery. In Schumpeter's vision of capitalism, the constant emergence of new entrepreneurs, with revolutionary ideas, is a force that is able to sustain long-term economic development. The economist accepted the fact that such a change results in the loss of position by enterprises that previously enjoyed an established, even monopolistic, market position.
  Wikipedia pol., state 2020.01.19

• A 2020 journal entry about creative destruction.

associated concepts:

• Biological evolution
• S-Nastu hypothesis
• S-Nastu dilemma
• Evolutionary ratchet

♥ Definiens:

The criteria by which it is stated whether an object remains the same object. They are neither objective nor universal - they are determined subjectively by the observer who defines the object. Other observers could either agree with this proposed criteria or make up their own.

Criteria of objectivity, although it is determined by the subjective observer, may have its own characteristics. The most important characteristics are:

• Linearity - criterion is the sum of sub-criteria:

  CoO = P₁+P₂+P₃+…

  Criterion of objectivity is more complete when more sub-criteria are fulfilled.

   

• Conjunctional non-linearity - criterion is the (logical) conjunction of sub-criteria:

  CoO = P₁*P₂*P₃*…

  If even one of the sub-criteria is not fulfilled, the criteria of objectivity is not met.

   

• Recursional non-linearity - criterion is the recursion of sub-criteria:

  CoO =…(P₃(P₂(P₁)))

  If the criterion of objectivity is to be met, all sub-criteria have to be fulfilled in a given order. [ie. genetic code, sequence]

   

Associated concepts:

• Object
• Accumulation of innocents
• Stratum of innocents
• Non-Linearity

♥ Definiens:

Blockage of cognitive abilities by information (knowledge) already acquired.

Remarks:

• The mental resistance to new ideas is partly due to the fact that they have to displace established ideas. New facts are not usually accepted unless they can be correlated with the existing body of knowledge; it is often not sufficient that they can be demonstrated on independent evidence. Therefore premature discoveries are usually neglected and lost. An unreasoning, instinctive mental resistance to novelty is the real basis of excessive scepticism and conservatism.
  ["The Art of Scientific Investigation", W. I. B. Beveridge (1908-2006) page. 119]

  Wilfred Trotter said:
  "The human mind likes a strange idea as little as the body likes a strange protein and resists it with a similar energy. It would not perhaps be too fanciful to say that a new idea is the most quickly acting antigen known to science. If we watch ourselves honestly we shall often find that we have begun to argue against a new idea even before it has been completely stated."
  ["The Art of Scientific Investigation", W. I. B. Beveridge (1908-2006) page. 109]

  Persecution of great discoverers was due partly to mental resistance to new ideas and partly to the disturbance caused to entrenched authority and vested interests, intellectual and material. Sometimes lack of diplomacy on the part of the discoverer has aggravated matters. Opposition must have killed at birth many discoveries. Obscurantism and authoritarianism are not yet dead.
  ["The Art of Scientific Investigation", W. I. B. Beveridge (1908-2006) page. 119]

Associated concepts:

• Syndrome of Semmelweis

♥ Definiens:

A typical mechanism for top-down economies. Teams that receive a given amount of money to perform a specific task, are not usually able to complete it within the budget. This is mainly due to the fact that employees do not bear the consequences for non-performance. The manager therefore asks for an increase in the amount of money, which, of course, makes workers lazier as they are being rewarded for not working.

Remarks:

• The key was moving the national civil service to a performance management system rather than awarding each department a pile of money every year hoping they would do their best, and letting intentions guide the process rather than results. An essential element of this initiative was a change in the budget process that converted each appropriation into a “purchase agreement” that specifially detailed what the department was to produce. The teeth to this innovation was that the CEO of the agency could be terminated for not producing the outputs specifid in the purchase agreement. In most intentions-driven systems, failures usually lead to calls for larger budgets and a repeat of the cycle of failure. Under performance management systems, failures more often lead to a sacking of the responsible bureaucrats and/or a re-examination of the premises and objectives of the program.
  Bill Freeza "New Zealand’s Far-Reaching Reforms. A Case Study on How to Save Democracy from Itself"

• If the measures adopted fail to achieve the beneficial results expected and end in disaster, they ask for more and more government interference.
  Ludwig von Mises "Planned chaos"

Associated concepts:

• Socialism
• Cobra effect
• Statism

♥ Definiens:

A word or expression that is being defined.

singular: definiendum (eng: name)
plural: definienda (eng: names)

Associated concepts:

• Definiens
• Duo-definienda - double meaning
• Duo-definientia - double named

♥ Definiens:

The word or words serving to explain the meaning of a definiendum

singular: definiens (eng: meaning)
plural: definientia (eng: meanings)

Remarks:

• Definiendum and definiens are often confused, and therefore it may be helpful to use this rule of thumb: alphabetic principle - definiendum precedes definiens, where the first word is usually the meaning we are looking for

Associated concepts:

• Definiendum
• Duo-definienda - double meaning
• Duo-definientia - double named

♥ Definiens:

The natural behaviour of people in power which leads to:

• its abuse - in various aspects such as laws, taxes and physical and mental pressure
• its facilitating - for example by raising inflation by printing money which leads to devaluation
• creation of privileged groups - the guards power. See "The State"

These behaviours lead to

1. reduction in the ability of those in power to manage effectively (see Aristocraticization)
2. economic crises
3. war
4. detachment from those that rule to the population
   (“Let them eat cake” is the most famous quote attributed to Marie-Antoinette, the queen of France during the French Revolution. As the story goes, it was the queen's response upon being told that her starving peasant subjects had no bread.)
5. the creation of false theories of mystical, religious and scientific character legitimizing power
   If in the minds of the people does not lurk the authority of God and the momentum of religion, the power of the prince or the state does not have its own authority. Because the religion easily stops the people when the power brings them to poverty, misery, destitution, hostility and despair. So there is nobody in power who does not use the authority of God as a regulator
   - Giordano Bruno

Remarks:

• In 1571, Moscow was invaded by the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray. According to V.B. Kobrin, the degenarated oprichnina showed they were completely unfit for combat. Accustomed to looting civilians, only a few of the tsar's guardsmen stood up for the war, so they accumulated only one regiment instead of five. After which, the tsar disbanded the oprichnina.

Associated concepts:

• Aristocraticization
• Model of governance
• Typical instruments of governance

Definiens:

Democracy (Greek: δημοκρατία, dēmokratiā, from dēmos "people" and kratos "rule") is a form of government in which the people have the authority to choose their governing legislation.

Who people are and how authority is shared among them are core issues for democratic theory, development and constitution.

Generally, there are two types of democracy: direct and representative. Liquid democracy combines elements of these two basic types. However, the noun "democracy" has, over time, been modified by more than 3,500 adjectives which suggests that it may have types that can elude and elide this duality.

[Wikipedia Eng., 2020.07.30]

Although there are similarities between the two different systems of democracy, they are very different when analysed.

Representative democracy:
In a Representative Democracy, the people elect representatives, who in turn vote on legislation and participate in the policy-making process.

Direct democracy:
In a Direct Democracy, the people may propose and implement legislation or political action by voting on it themselves.

Associated concepts:

• Charakterystyczne cechy polityków

• related to the concept of Democracy

• "Direct Democracy versus Representative Democracy: Cost and Benefits for the Citizenry", by Mark O'Kane [Dokument pobrany ze strony https://ecaef.org/about-ecaef/ w dniu 2020.07.30]
• "Direct Democracy versus Representative Democracy: Cost and Benefits for the Citizenry", by Karol Zdybel [Dokument pobrany ze strony https://ecaef.org/about-ecaef/ w dniu 2020.07.30]

Diary:

• 2021.10.31 - Thomas Jefferson's brilliant quotes on democracy

♥ Definiens:

The unnecessary resources desired by a living object.

Desergy, as resergy, consists of: matter, energy and information. Therefore, it is not additive nor able to be conserved. It depends on time, environmental conditions and, moreover, objects and their interactions.

Examples:

• absolute power;
• extreme financial profit;
• overaccumulation of wealth;
• overaccumulation of political power;
• life without effort and responsibility while being respected by others;

Remarks:

• The concept of desergy should not be confused with the term resergy - the necessary resources;

• The name "desergy" comes from an amalgamation of the words Desired resources & energy.

• Earth provides enough to satisfy every man's needs, but not every man's greed. - Mahatma Gandhi

Associated concepts:

• Balance of resergy
• Resergy

♥ Definiens:

A set of information, stored in any way, necessary to create an object, i.e. its properties of structure or behaviour.

Genetic designs and memetic designs are two of the most important designs in The Physics of Life.

♥ Definiens:

Any factors shortening the LOAO in any way. They weaken the ability of an object to fulfill the criteria of objectivity. If we can measure the fulfillment of this criteria, the destructors reduce its value.

Remarks:

• Destructors of the object "fence" include: the weather, a child who hits the ball into it peeling paint and unreliable workers who painted it badly;

Associated concepts:

• Object
• Causative factors
• Initiators
• Constructors
• Terminators

Definiens:

Associated concepts:

• Thinking

♥ Definiens:

also called black-and-white thinking or all-or-nothing thinking. The individual tends to think in extremes, for example: an individual's actions and motivations are all good or all bad with no middle ground. Dichotomous Thinking is a characteristic element of reductionist thinking and because of the phenomenon of the curse of knowledge it can block the four types of higher level thinking: systemic thinking, multitudinal thinking, game thinking and life thinking.

Remarks:

• Examples of dichotomous thinking are:

  • good – bad;
  • true – false;
  • innocent – guilty;
  • we – they;
  • friend - foe;
  • tyranny – liberty;
  • democracy – dictatorship;
  • justice - injustice;
  • civilisation – barbarianism;
  • capitalism – socialism.

• It is a common defense mechanism used by many people.

• According to Edward de Bono, dichotomous thinking is one of the flaws of traditional human thinking, because it prevents the perception of the entire spectrum of data of the given phenomena and what is around them. Such thinking is full of concept traps: dichotomous thinkers either consider a phenomenon as black or as white, they do not see any grey and they do not even take into consideration that grey might exist. Thinking around these extremes is practically impossible, as it is immediately overwhelmed by established patterns, which can not be questioned. For example, you moderately deny that you are not a democrate you are immediately classified as a fascist. If you begin to talk about socialism you are automatically classified as a Marxist, and so on [see Syndrome of Machiavelli- ed. JF]. The polarization is so vast that it does not allow any compromise.
  [Wikipedia, Pol., 2016.11.05]

♥ Definiens:

A dilemma (greek: δί-λημμα means "double proposition") is a situation in mathematical game theory, where we have two options, one of them results in certain benefits and losses and the other offers an alternative set of benefits and losses. In reality neither of the options are practically acceptable.

Both these options constitute a dilemma pair

The natural basis of any kind of dilemma is a conflict of interest.

Examples of a dilemma pair:

• Dilemma pair "My interest versus the interest of the group" in "I/group" dilemma"

• Dilemma pair "Short-term benefit versus long-term benefit" in "Short-/long-term benefit" dilemma

Associated concepts:

• Prisoner's dilemma
• "I/group" dilemma
• "Short-/long-term benefit" dilemma
• Madison's Dilemma - Key dilemma of ruling
• Iterated cooperation dilemma
• Iterated prisoner's dilemma
• Typical dilemmas

♥ Definiens:

A system or object whose maintenance requires a constant energy input and which, as a result, dissipates this energy.

Remarks:

• Examples of dissipative objects. Basic: flame, vortex; more complex: laser; the most complex: living objects.

♥ Definiens:

Unpredictable factor influencing the process at a given moment.

Remarks:

• Disturbance does not influence a system in a determined way, because if it did so it would not be a disturbance, but a factor.

• From the point of view of systems theory, disturbances are classified as destabilizing or insignificant. A sensitivity analysis studies the consequences of any disturbance on the system.

• It is not widely known
  that in mountaineering
  even the smallest error
  can screw you up

Associated concepts:

• Sensitivity_analysis
• Non-linearity
• Stability
• Butterfly effect

• related to the concept of Disturbance

♥ Definiens:

Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA for short – a multimolecular organic chemical compound that belongs to the group nucleic acids. It is the carrier of genetic information for living organisms. [Wikipedia, pol. state 2011.02.20]

Associated concepts:

• Design
• RNA

♥ Definiens:

Duality of Nature manifests itself in the cyclic grouping of particles and the subsequent separation of objects made by this grouping.

In space, particles tend to group into planets, stars, galaxies, etc. Each astronomical object is a single centre of concentration of matter. Larger objects absorb smaller objects. Black holes concentrate matter in the strongest way. When certain limits of concentration are overpassed, it explodes. An example of this could be the Big Bang.

The Earth's gravitational conditions, particularly in marine areas, make grouping particles spontaneously separate once certain limits have been exceeded. A specific type of such particles are RPD-type particles, and their evolutionary successors, such as synthesizing replicators.

Duality of Nature is due to a natural tendency of chemical particles to attract or repel other particles. Therefore, every interaction between particles can only be classified as attraction or repulsion.

Remarks:

• Heraclitus of Ephesus::
  This world, which is the same for all, no one of gods or men has made. But it always was and will be: an ever-living fire, with measures of it kindling, and measures going out.

• Aleksander Gudzowaty
  […] everything in the world (also in the universe), is subjected to an objective law of nature called the "Law of Concentration". It is a model of development due to explosions which are a natural consequence of each concentration.

• Portal of knowledge
  It is assumed (at present it is not completely certain) that if the density of matter in the universe exceeds a certain critical size, the end of it will lead to a great collapse - the collapse of all matter into a black hole. After this, possibly followed by the next Big Bang.

• Another definiendum of duality of nature is the Law of Concentration.

Associated concepts:

• RPD

Definiens:

The Dunning-Kruger effect - a psychological phenomenon in which unskilled people in some area tend to overestimate their skills, while highly qualified people tend to underestimate their skills.

This phenomenon was described and documented by Justin Kruger and David Dunning from Cornell University.

Kruger and Dunning drew attention to numerous earlier studies that seemed to suggest that, for capabilities as diverse as motor vehicle operation, chess or tennis, "ignorance is more often a cause of confidence than knowledge" (as Charles Darwin put it). They hypothesized that, in the case of ability, that anyone can possess, to a greater or lesser degree, certain traits:

1. they do not see their low level of ability,
2. they cannot correctly assess their level of ability,
3. they cannot correctly assess the level of ability in others,
4. they only recognize and agree that their level of ability is low only after proper training.

[Definition cames from Pol. Wikipedia, 2020.06.22]

♥ Definiens:

In other words : "Double meaning".
Two (or more) definienda for one definiens

Two (or more) meanings for one name

Remarks:

• For example: "fly" - 1/. an insect; 2/. to move in or pass through the air with wings etc.

• An example of duo-definienda is the rich - a person who has a large property, thought to be have been gained dishonestly. Ayn Rand's book "Atlas Shrugged" has shown that you can become rich in two ways: by producing goods and exchange them on the free market - Atlases, or using different types of coercion - Looters.
  
  

  

  

  
  
  

• One of the most dramatic duo-definientia in this context is "evolution" - the key to understanding life (as Robin Dunbar put it). As of February 2013, the merriam-webster on-line dictionary reported at least 6 different definientia to this definiendum:
  

  1/. one of a set of prescribed movements
  2/. a: a process of change in a certain direction:  unfolding
      b: the action or an instance of forming and giving something off:  emission
      c: (1) a process of continuous change from a lower, simpler, or worse
             to a higher, more complex, or better state:  growth
         (2) a process of gradual and relatively peaceful social,
             political, and economic advance
      d: something evolved
  3/. the process of working out or developing
  4/. a: the historical development of a biological group (as a race or species): phylogeny
      b: a theory that the various types of animals and plants have their origin in
         other preexisting types and that the distinguishable differences are due to
         modifications in successive generations; also :  the process described by this
         theory
  5/. the extraction of a mathematical root
  6/. a process in which the whole universe is a progression of interrelated phenomena
  		   10.04.2019
              

  6 different definienda plus 6 more sub-definienda and 2 more sub-sub-definienda!

Associated concepts:

• Definiendum
• Definiens
• Duo-definientia

Quotes from literature:

• in Polish Duo-definienda

♥ Definiens:

In other words : "Double-named".
Two (or more) definientia for one definiendum

Two (or more) names for one meaning

Remarks:

• Astronaut & Cosmonaut
• Space & Cosmos

Associated concepts:

• Definiendum
• Definiens
• Duo-definienda

♥ Definiens:

A huge number of people are asking for help, only a few of them deserve to be helped, and only a few of those few who deserve to be helped can properly use it.

Remarks:

• This rule was formulated by the Frenchwoman Ivonne Duvernay in 1989.

• In Vedic philosophy we find this statement: charity shown in the wrong place and at the wrong time, to people who do not deserve it, without proper attention and respect – is the charity in the guna of ignorance.

Definiens:

Economics is a social science that studies production, distribution, and consumption of resources.

Associated concepts:

• Resergy
• Balance of resergy
• Resource

• related to the concept of Economics

♥ Definiens:

An ecosystem is made of two components:

• biocenosis - interacting organisms living together in a certain biotope.

• biotope – an area of uniform environmental conditions providing a space for the assemblage of living objects.

The ecosystem is a functional unit, in which there is an exchange of resergy (matter, energy and information) between the biocoenosis and the biotope.

Associated concepts:

• Biosystem
• Autodynamic system

♥ Definiens:

the belief that certain individuals or social groups, because of their birth, skills, knowledge, wealth, faith, origin, race, are more valuable than others and for this reason should occupy a privileged position in a society.

Associated concepts:

• Aristocraticization
• Biedocraticization
• Degeneration of power
• Model of governance
• Typical instruments of governance

♥ Definiens:

Emergence (from the Latin emergo - appear, emerge) is the arising of new properties of a system when its components form into a given structure. Emergent property is due to the location and mutual interaction of the system's components.

Associated concepts:

• Concidence
• Self-excitation
• Ex nihilo
• Emergence of Life

♥ Full definition of Emotional thinking.

Associated concepts:

• Emotions
• Thinking
• Absolute thinking
• Worldview
• Table of elements of thinking

♥ Definiens:

A typical set of automatic reactions of a living object caused by a typical set of external and/or internal factors. A set of reactions may be composed of: messages, behaviours, physiological processes etc. Emotions were built into living objects by process of biological evolution - they happened to be victory factors to recurring problems that faced our prevoluants.

Emotions are definitely faster and more powerful than rational reactions.

Quotes from literature (in Google Polish):

• related to the concept of Reason/Emotions

Associated concepts:

• Emotional thinking

♥ Definiens:

A specific type of symbiosis in which the cells of one living object live inside the cells or tissues of another.

Other definientia:

• Endosymbiosis is a specific type of interaction between living objects, some living objects live inside others. This is not surprising, because this phenomenon occurs literally at every step - even in our digestive tract there is around 2 kg of the so-called bacterial flora that helps us digest food.

• A very interesting example of multilevel endosymbiosis is the coexistence of bacteria living in cells of the chewing louse (Mallphaga), which are insects that parasitize birds and mammals:eating exfoliated skin, feathers and various secretions, including blood flowing from wounds. […] Some live as internal parasites, penetrating inside the quill of bird feathers. A close symbiotic relationship arose between some lice and bacteria. This bacteria live in mycetocytes - special fat cells of the louse and help the louse digest food (keratin). Lice without these bacteria die within a few days [www.trojszyk.com/ciek.php].

Remarks:

• Endosymbiosis can be confused with symbiogenesis, so it is worth looking at both definitions at once.

♥ Definiens:

Energy is a scalar physical quantity informing what constitutes the potential of an object and what is the value of this potential.

Definiens:

Entrepreneurship is the ability to forsee the future in a sufficient extent and according to it set the goals and effectively achieve them. This includes the effective responses to disturbancies (unpredicted events) and effective use of opportunities to which an entrepreneur prepares all the time. And here I would put curiosity first and everything that derives from it: learning, experimenting by trials and errors, selfimprovement and gaining experience.

Remarks:

• The most important attribute of an entrepreneur is extreme curiosity, and a desire to understand how things work. The most characteristic is to innovate to meet a gap in the market, or detect a supply and demand mismatch, or discover a new and better way to meet the needs of the consumer even when the consumer or user has not identified any particular shortcomings. Only the success of the new product or service brings to light what was missing in the earlier arrangement, which no one earlier had identified and therefore did not try to resolve. Finally, entrepreneurship is not limited to the economic sphere.
  
  A good worker in an industry could also share such characteristics, and be among the most productive employees, and be an asset to the entrepreneur. Likewise, these characteristics can also be shared by civic and political entrepreneurs.
  
  Entrepreneurs rarely would do a risk benefit calculation. They are not reckless, but are capable of taking considerable risk after thorough diligence on the venture. They believe that their idea is a possible winner, and risk everything on it, even while accepting that if it fails they may lose everything.

  Barun Mitra

Definiens:

Epistemology is the science that explores the process of understanding reality by humans.

Other definientia:

• Cognitive theory

Remarks:

• (from Greek ἐπιστήμη [epistēmē], meaning "knowledge", and λόγος [logos], meaning "logical discourse")

• It deals with such problems as:

  • What is knowledge?
  • How is knowledge acquired?
  • What do people know?
  • How do we know that we know?

• Technological empiricism does not naturally mean blindly tossing from one badly thoughtout experiment to another. The empiricist inventor usually has an idea, or rather—thanks to what he has already achieved (or what others had achieved before him)—he can see a short stretch of the road ahead of him. The sequence of his actions is regulated by negative feedback (the failure of an experiment explains every time that this is the wrong way). As a result, the road he takes is like a zigzag, but it is certainly going somewhere and has a definite direction. Gaining theoretical knowledge allows for a sudden leap ahead. - ["Summa technologiae", St. Lem, str. 45].

• A widely held view is that creativity in science is based on what is known as evolutionary epistemology or the chance-permutation model. In essence, this model suggests that scientists randomly generate theories, of which the good ones survive since they are selected because of their explanatory powers. The creative process is said to entail mental elements which are permutated in a random manner, and these random permutations are selected by another process so that the best ideas survive. ["Nienaturalna natura nauki", Lewis Wolpert, str. 72]

• There is no doubt that the process of biological evolution is a strong constructor in the process of Human cognition. An excellent illustration of this are religions: if we consider religion (a memetic project with a slew of principles to follow) as a victory factor, then from the whole palette of various religions (created in a randomly conceived way), only those that contribute to the continuing population growth of their followers will survive. To illustrate this phenomenon, you can paraphrase a well-known English idiom: The proof of the pudding is in the eating The validity of the victory factor is confirmed by the fact that it prolongs the duration of the population, and this duration transfers the victory factor to subsequent generations.
  
  It seems that a good general name for this mechanism would be evolutionary popping, which, in its most general form, refers to tactics of structure and tactics of behaviour. It operates in two dimensions: individual and populational. And how it affects each of these dimensions explains the How Life Is Competing model.

• Auguste Comte studied epistemology and claimed that cognition takes place in three stages: theological, metaphysical and positive.
  
  

  Stages of cognition
  nr	according to Auguste Comte	according to Stanislaw Lem	according to The Physics of Life
  	Theological Stage relies on supernatural or religious explanations of the phenomena	magical thinking stage	observation stage stage of the observation and perception of certain patterns.
  II	Metaphysical Stage when people explain phenomena through abstract concepts and irrational speculation (usually detached from reality);	stage of technological empiricism	stage of the building and verification of models phase of discovering cause-and-effect relations, and building models, both cognitive and predictive ones. These models are built on the basis of: own and other people's experiences, personal and other people's accepted emotions, own and accepted set of concepts, own and largely accepted moral systems, self-interest and interest of social groups to which one belongs, cultural environment in which one operates, learned and acquired rules of thinking process.
  III	Positive Stage when people formulate theorems based on facts and dependencies of coexistence, or the consequences between facts. In this phase, people can determine and predict facts previously unknown. This phase is identical to the scientific phase.	stage of technological knowledge	stage of full cognition phase of having full cognitive models and the most trustworthy predictive models (in many cases fully trustworthy models can not be developed)
  IV		regulatory stage	stage of full and universal cognition when all cognitive and predictive models are widely known, intellectually accepted and applied. When all contamination of models and their use resulting from the interest of their own and particular social groups will be eliminated. It is highly unlikely that this phase will be ever reached.

Associated concepts:

• Philosophy
• Curse of knowledge
• Model
• Table of elements of thinking in The Physics of Life
• Theory
• Science

♥ Definiens:

Every element in an evolutionary sequence which follows a given element.

Remarks:

• For example: Homo erectus is an evoluant of Homo, Homo sapiens is evoluant of Homo erectus, Homo sapiens is evoluant of Pan troglodytes.

Associated concepts:

• Prevoluant
• Biological evolution
• Gerpedelution

♥ Definiens:

In fact, the definition of evolution is not clear and, what is more, ambiguous in two dimensions: it is used to name the process that created and continues to shape life on Earth (see definition no. 1) and to name the so-called life cycle (see definition no. 2).

To explain why it is not clear: Charles Darwin used the term "evolution" to name the process responsible for the development of life on Earth. This incomplete description of its mechanisms, which, at that time, was seen and understood by Wallace and Darwin, and so brilliantly described by the latter, is long-established in the scientific world as the only competent and detailed explanation of the whole issue. The English-speaking world, unfortunately, ignored the information coming from Russia (Kropotkin, Mierieżkowski) and, because of this, there has not been a universally accepted, comprehensive, description of the process that created and continues to shape life on Earth over the next 150 years.

One of the attempts to do so was the replacement of "evolution" (in the above sense) by the concept of "natural selection", but this also proved not to be quite true.

Therefore, one of the fundamental tasks of The Physics of Life is the development of a complete and logical description of the process which brought life into existence and continues to shape the successive generations of living objects. The term of gerpedelution was proposed in order to give a basic model of this process. The process itself is called biological evolution. The word "evolution" should be understood, as the ancient Romans proposed, as "development" and nothing more.

In turn, gerpedelution is a definiendum of an abstract cyclical process, consisting of three separate stages, that lays the foundation of how biological evolution operates.

Other definientia:

• Evolution any change across successive generations in the heritable characteristics of biological populations. Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological organisation, including species, individual organisms and molecules such as DNA and proteins.[1] - [Wikipedia, eng., dated 20120208]
  Here, evolution is defined not as a process but as a change.

• Stellar evolution the process by which a star undergoes a sequence of radical changes during its lifetime. - [Wikipedia, eng., dated 20120208]
  Here, evolution touches only one object throughout its existence

• Each gradual change. Organic evolution, which is often referred to as evolution in short, means any intergenerational genetic change in a population. - ["On Human Nature", Edward O. Wilson]

• Evolution is a process of biological change that makes organisms different from their ancestors. - ["Encyclopedia of Evolution"] [Please note that here the term process is used in the mathematical sense - ed. JF]

Associated concepts:

• Gerpedelution
• Evolutionary game model
• Biological evolution
• Chain of succession
• Chain of layers

♥ Definiens:

A feature of objects subjected to the process of biological evolution, such as: victory factors, ideas and other sociotypes, causing them to be propagated in a given population. Propagated, i.e. that living objects:

1. acquire them and only those objects that have them are able to replicate (genetic transfer)
or
2. absorb them and pass them on to others of the same species (memetic transfer)

Remarks:

• In the case of living objects these features are Victory factors. If the selection function is strong, in subsequent generations, the number of living objects that have this factor increases exponentially.

• In the case of sociotypes, their carriers are living objects who are interested in transmitting or copying them.

Associated concepts:

• Self-contagious label
• Evolutionary self-supporting object

Quotes (in Google Polish) from literature:

• related to the concept of Evolutionary Bearing Capacity

♥ Definiens:

We distinguish two kinds of systems according to how they pass through the selection process:

• WSS (Wholly Selected Systems) - a group of objects selected as a whole in the gerpedelution process. In the particular case of biological evolution, WSS group is called a living object, which according to the elements it is built of, belongs to a given organizational level.

• PSS (Partially Selected Systems) - a group of objects that are selected not as a group, but as singular objects. In the case of biological evolution, an example of a PSS group is a social group.

♥ Definiens:

1. The model (as evolution itself) deals with a Population (Pn). The population will exhibit Variation among Competing individuals. In the model this competition is represented by the Game.

2. The Game tests the strategies of the individuals under the “rules of the game”. These rules produce different payoffs, in units of Fitness (the production rate of offspring). The contesting individuals meet in pairwise contests with others, normally in a highly mixed distribution of the population. The mix of strategies in the population affects the payoff results by altering the odds that any individual may meet up, in contests, with various strategies. The individuals leave the game pairwise contest with a resulting fitness determined by the contest outcome – generally represented in a Payoff Matrix.

3. Based on this resulting fitness, each member of the population then undergoes replication or culling determined by the exact mathematics of the Replicator Dynamics Process. This overall process then produces a New Generation P(n+1). Each surviving individual now has a new fitness level determined by the game result.

4. The new generation then takes the place of the previous one and the cycle begins again (and never stops). Mathematically speaking it is an Iterative process. Over time the population mix in such a system may converge to a stationary state – and if such a state cannot be invaded by any new “mutant strategies” it is by definition an Evolutionary Stable State (ESS).

Remarks:

• Copied from Wikipedia Evolutionary game theory [2012.07.06]

• If we assume that the stage of selection in gerpedelution is the game where the winners are allowed to reproduce we will get Evolutionary Game Model.

Associated concepts:

• Gerpedelution
• Small Evolution

♥ Definiens:

Sensitivity analysis of small evolution game leads to the conclusion that the process of biological evolution has a kind of ratchet mechanism. This mechanism is fully operational (it works as a real ratchet) when the selection criterion is competitive and extremely strong. Then if a better tactic of structure or tactic of behaviour appears in the population, there is no return to the worse tactics. If the selection function ramains strong, tactics remain at the same level and there is no descent.

However, if the selection criterion weakens, worse tactics may appear. Darwin described this as: the tendency to reversion to a less modified state [Source page 142].

Full description of the game Small evolution, in which the evolutionary ratchet mechanism is discussed in detail.

Remarks:

• The evolutionary ratchet mechanism prevents organic substances which have already been submitted to biological evolution to withdraw from this peculiar race (quasi-constant and non-linear improvement).

• Manfred Eigen and Peter Schuster in the work "The hypercycle" called this mechanism: the peculiar "once-forever" selection mechanism.

Associated concepts:

• Ratchet
• Saint Matthew's ratchet
• Gerpedelution
• Small Evolution

♥ Definiens:

Any object which is stably maintained by the process of biological evolution.

Remarks:

• The opposite to an evolutionary self-supporting object is an evolutionary recessive object (disappearing, vanishing, leaving evolution = dying).

Examples:

• Each victory factor which enters into the evolutionary chain of succession for a considerably long (or permanent) period of time. For example: sexual reproduction, a pair of eyes.
• Religions
• The development of productivity giving the individual or social group a competitive advantage.
• The development of science, therefore cognitive models and predictive models

Associated concepts:

• Self-contagious label
• Evolutionary Bearing Capacity

♥ Definiens:

One of the mechanisms of biological evolution that gradually produces the given properties of living objects and other objects submitted to biological evolution. This process is based on:

• typical for biological evolution mechanism of selection which is based on natural phenomena (eg, disasters) and/or self-exciting conflicts of interest due to lack of resources.

• typical for the biological evolution, an exponential multiplication of living objects leading to the above-mentioned conflicts of interest regarding the access to resources.

• typical for the biological evolution multiplication with modification causing the selection to be made from a set of (sometimes slightly) different living objects.

• the phenomenon of the emergence of new tactics of structure and tactics of behaviour in proliferating living objects. (Note: Emergence does not mean "formation from nothing").

• 5 characteristic features of biological evolution which are expressed in the Second Principle of The Physics of Life.

• capacity of self-spreadness, which means how the selected living objects change the characteristics of selection, modification and multiplication, the three basic stages of gerpedelution

Remarks:

• It can be named in an alternative way: subsequent selection process.

• It can be named in an alternative way: evolutionary transformation process.

• Evolutionary popping transforms chemical affinity into pursuance.

• Evolutionary popping transforms RPD-type chemical particles into Living objects.

• Evolutionary popping creates specific memetic designs.
  If we consider, for example, a death that affects social groups caused by a disaster, war or plague. It can result in the death of all members of the group or only a few. In the latter case, we have to deal with two specific outcomes:

  1. only a few of the population dies
  2. only a few of the population survives

  Note that when death touches the population, the natural phenomenon is the emergence of stories of miraculous rescues. When few survive, "miraculous" means low probability. On the other hand, stories of miraculous deaths never emerge. Thus, biological evolution has natural tendency to produce myths of miraculous rescues (in The Physics of Life, the myth is an object), whilst never produces myths of miraculous deaths.

• Ideas are constructors of evolutionary popping when they help to fulfill the life purpose - in other words when idea brings benefits or increases fertility. Such ideas are evolutionary self-supporting objecta and self-spreading.

Associated concepts:

• Biological evolution
• Chain of succession

♥ Definiens:

Ex nihilo in Latin means "out of nothing". Often it is combined with the concept of creation, for example: Creatio ex nihilo which means "creation out of nothing". This refers mainly to philosophical and theological contexts, but can be found in other areas.

So far no one has managed to prove that something can arise from absolutely nothing. We know what matter is, but we do not know either how it was created or how it came to be. It seems, rather, that it should be Nothing (no matter) instead of Something (matter). Intuition says that a state of emptiness is more natural.

Very similar to ex nihilo are natural phenomena as:

• self-excitation for example vibrations, but this can occur only when it is powered by an external source of (constant) power;

• self-creation due to emergence

• self-creation of information but for this, information carriers are required.

Therefore, it can be said that we know the three processes of the creation of quasi ex nihilo:

1. Self-excitation: consisting of the transformation of a constant stream of energy into a pulsating phenomenon;

2. Emergence: the formation of new features within the system, a result of mutual interaction of objects composing the system.

3. Self-creation of information: due to the composition of self-arranged chains of different objects or the same objects but whose features are in different states. If interpreted, these chains are information.

Life was created by the juxtaposition of the above-mentioned processes. There remains some key questions: "How was matter created?", and if matter always existed "Why is there SOMETHING in nature, rather than NOTHING?".

Associated concepts:

• Emergence
• Information
• Self-excitation

This experiment shows that the first data and analysis on a given topic block the access to further data and subsequent analysis.

♥ Description:

This experiment is only successful when the participant does not know anything about it - blind experiment. This experiment can only be performed with one person.

Course of experiment "2,4,6"

The experimentor writes a sequence of three numbers "2,4,6" and explains the experiment to the subject, saying:

• This sequence was written according to a certain rule.
• Your goal is to find this rule.
• To do this, you need to write a sequence of three numbers, and the experimentor will tell you if your sequence conforms to the rule. This will be repeated as many times as you think are necessary.
• Note, you can write as many sequences as you want, but you have only one chance to specify the rule. if you are right - you win, if not - you lose.
• Do you need to hear the explanation again? Do you have any questions?
• If there are no queries, the experiment may begin.
• Subject gives a sequence of three numbers, the experimentor writes it down and, after analysis, marks "+" if the sequence fulfills the rule and a "-" if it does not.
• The experiment continues until the participant announces that they know the rule. The participant states the rule and the experimentor states whether the answer is correct or not.
• The rule is simple: "The next number will be greater than the previous one"

Main features of experiment "2,4,6"

As a rule, the majority of the participants

• understands the rules and refuses to have the instructions repeated.
• create a rule which satisfies the given sequence and continue to give further sequences which fulfil their rule.
  By doing this they try to convince themselves that their rule is right and cease looking for the rule of the experimentor.

Remarks:

• Professors are more likely to lose, as they generally look for more complicated solutions. However, students are more likely to search for quicker, less complex answers. Subsequently, the students are more likely to win.

Associated concepts:

• Curse of knowledge
• Emotional thinking
• The most important experiments in The Physics of Life

♥ Definiens:

An individual, measurable property of the observed object. Because a feature is measurable, it therefore has a state - defined as a state of a property.

Associated concepts:

• Object
• State of a property

♥ Definiens:

A realtionship between two objects where the first influences the other, and the second subsequently influences the first. Therefore, the first object changes the functionality of the second object, and these changes, in turn, alter the functionality of the first object. Thus, the first object influences itself through a mediator, which is the second object.

Quotes (in Google Polish) from literature:

• related to the concept of Feedback

Associated concepts:

• Social Engineering
• Systems engineering
• Autodynamic system(/object)

General definiens:

The mechanism of making living objects dependent by providing them with a specific type of energy in a completely or partially cost-free manner.

Special definiens:

The mechanism of making people dependent by providing financial resources in a completely or partially cost-free way.

Remarks:

1. The above definitions are very general, while the definiendum refers to a specific case: people's dependance by giving them money. This concept will probably reach popular consciousness exactly in this context.

2. The way how the financial leash oparates results directly from the phenomenon of supercompensation and the First Law of the Physics of Life.

1. The First Law of the Physics of Life
2. Supercompensation

The law stating that tactics of behaviour and tactics of structure are shaped by the source of resergy and external conditions:

♥ Contents:

The source of resergy shapes the tactics of structure and tactics of behaviour used to implement them, rewarding objects that have them with duplication in the third stage of biological evolution

Remarks:

• Facebook post 2019.03.27 FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION 003: Is evolution purposeful?

  Look at the picture above. There are four very similar animals from four different families. Admittedly, one is extinct. How did this similiarity happen? Was it by accident or by design?

  The answer from The Physics of Life is simple: the source of resources required to fulfill the life purpose of a living object gradually, from genereation to generation shapes the physiology of the living objects expressed in their tactics of stucture and tactics of behaviour. All four of these creatures had similar sources of resources and, thus, they became very similar in shape over time.

  This purposefulness is the First Law of The Physics of Life.

  This does not only apply to biology. It so universal that wherever you are in the world you can look at somebody and make an educated guess to name their profession. A politician will act in a certain way regardless of whether they are in Australia, Mozambique, Napal or America. They will pull the same faces, use the same body language and say the same phrases to persuade you to believe in them. Because, for them, being elected is the source of resources required to fulfill their Life purpose.

Associated concepts:

• The Laws of The Physics Of Life
• The Second Law of The Physics of Life

♥ Definiens:

Behaviour patterns "built-in" to a living object from birth. They are shaped over the course of biological evolution.

Fixed-action patterns can involve intricate sequences of behaviour, such as entire courtship or mating rituals. A fundamental characteristic of these patterns is that the behaviours comprising them occur in virtually the same fashion and in the same order every time. It is almost as if the patterns were recorded on tapes within the animals. When a situation calls for courtship, a courtship tape gets played; when a situation calls for mothering, a maternal behaviour tape gets played. Click and the appropriate tape is activated; whirr and out rolls the standard sequence of behaviours.
[Quote from the book "Influence. Science and Practice"]

Robert Cialdini identified just six fixed-action patterns which guide human behaviour, as far as selling is concerned:

1. Reciprocity
2. Scarcity
3. Authority
4. Consistency
5. Liking
6. Consensus

Remarks:

1. The term proposed and widely described by Robert Cialdini in the book "Influence. Science and Practice"

Links:

• Book "Influence. Science and Practice"
• Robert Cialdini's website Principles of Persuasion, broadly discussing the fixed-action patterns mentioned in the definition.

Associated concepts:

• Ahamkara

♥ Definiens:

A system or object whose structure is a temporary state created by flowing streams of energy, material or information.

Full definition of a Flow system.

Remarks:

• Examples of flow systems: a flame, a vortex, a bank account, a company and the most complex one a living object.

• The scientific term for this system is open system

• Peter Mitchell (1920–1992), a British biochemist awarded the 1978 Nobel Prize for Chemistry, called this kind of systems "fluidics".

Quotes from literature:

• in Polish related with the concept Flow system

♥ Definiens:

The free market is a market in which the exchange of goods takes place as a result of voluntarily concluded transactions between buyers and sellers, at a price which they voluntarily set. In the free market, both buyers and sellers are not subject to any restrictions or coercion by external entities (e.g. public authorities), and the terms of the transaction - in particular the price - depend only on their mutual consent. - [Wikipedia, pol., 2011.04.07]

Remarks:

1. The free market is nothing but social consent to natural selection.

2. Usually "free", in the context of "free market", is understood as "free American" or allowing any scams. However, "free" should be understood as "the market of "free" or, better, uncoerced choice.

3. The free market transforms natural human greed into a disciplined creative production process based on a follow-up analysis of the needs of others. [paraphrase by John Freeslow of the George Gilder's quote]

4. Why do people not like the free market? Because it compels them to compete.

5. Conditions that must be met by the market to be considered free:

   • I can set my own prices for my products and no one forces me to buy
   • I can choose my co-workers and pay them as much as I want and as little as they agree
   • I can decide what I want to do
   • I can invest
   • I can buy, own, use and sell anything I want
   • I can make profits, see --> Basic factor of development of societies
   • I can create and purchase means of production
   • I can produce for sale
   • I have to compete
   • I have to obey the moral principles (this point includes regulations such as: that you cannot steal, you cannot inflate money,…)
   
   All these conditions must be met simultaneously. The free market is therefore characterized by Conjunctional non-linearity.

6. The negative mechanism of the free market is Saint Matthew's ratchet, leading to the creation of monopolies. In other words, the free market contributes to the elimination of competition.

7. 

   

• Competition
• Game theory
• Conflict of interest

Quotes from literature:

• in Polish Free market

Definiens:

• Harm-care We bond with others, we care for others, feel compassion for others, especially the weak and voulnerable. It gives us very strong feelings about those who cause harm. The influence of this component is estimated at about 70%.
• Fairness-reciprocity Foundations of religions. The influence of this component is estimated at about 30%.
• In-group-loyalty Ability to cooperate and join together into groups, groups that are united to fight other groups. Even if we don't have tribes, we go ahead and make them, because it's… fun
• Authority-respect Authority in humans is not so closely based on power and brutality, as it is in other primates. It's based on more voluntary deference and even elements of love, at times.
• Purity-sanctity It is about any kind of ideology, any kind of idea that tells you that you can attain virtue by controlling what you do with your body and what you put into your body.

Remarks:

• Morality
• Motivant function

♥ Definiens:

Milton Friedman (1912-2006) described the four basic ways to spend money, to be more precise, four types of optimization used depending on the conditions in which a person spends money:

I. Spend your own money on yourself.
When you do that, you pay close attention to what you’re doing, and you try to get the most for your money.

We spend sparingly and wisely, so we want as much as possible for the least amount of money. As a rule, we do not take the decision lightly, we consider, consult with professionals, look for information, advice, special offers and discounts.
We spend purposely and economically

The Physics of Life adds here two more sub-points:

1. When you receive undeserved money
2. When you earn your money through hard labour

II. Spend your own money on somebody else.
For example, I buy a birthday present for someone. Well, then I’m not so careful about the content of the present, but I’m very careful about the cost.

This way includes, for example, spending on gifts, costs incurred to support the family or salaries for employees. We spend as before: sparingly and wisely so, for example, the cheapest gift that would have the best impression. However, since we do not know the real needs of the recipient and how much it is needed, we can be led by the influence of advertising, suggestions, ideology and concern about our relatives or by being a scrooge. We can spend irrationally: buy unnecessary things or, for example, in the case of employees, not pay them enough.
We spend unpurposely but economically

III. Spend somebody else’s money on myself.
If I spend somebody else’s money on myself, then I’m sure going to have a good lunch!

There is no incentive to save - we spend all that we can, and our needs increase dramatically. We do not check prices as vigorously as when paying with our own money. And as a rule we find intelligent justification for large expenditures.
We spend purposely but not economically

IV. Spend somebody else’s money on somebody else.
I’m not concerned about how much it is, and I’m not concerned about what is bought.

Expenses are not optimized. As a rule, in such transactions, we are trying to indirectly fulfill our own interests. For example, to show how generous we are and suggest that other people should act in the same way towards us.
We spend unpurposely and not economically

♥ Definiens:

This word came from Latin. It means: mapping, transformation, the way of assigning each element of an input set to the element of an output set, operator. In the simpliest way: "how to convert, how to change".

Other definientia:

• Also called correspondence, map, mapping, transformation. a relation between two sets in which one element of the second set is assigned to each element of the first set.
  [dictionary.com, 2017.08.29]

• A function is a relation between a set of inputs and a set of permissible outputs with the property that each input is related to exactly one output.
  [Wikipedia, 2017.08.29]

Remarks:

• Functions should not be identified with a graph or a pattern, because they are merely a means of visualizing or recording functions.

• There are many ways to describe or represent a function. Some functions may be defined by a formula or algorithm that tells how to compute the output for a given input. Others are given by a picture, called the graph of the function. In science, functions are sometimes defined by a table that gives the outputs for selected inputs. A function could be described implicitly, for example as the inverse to another function or as a solution of a differential equation.
  [Wikipedia, 2017.08.29]

♥ Definiens:

Function of process is a function which transforms the input set of a given history of states of properties of a system.

Other definientia:

• A thermodynamic function which depends on the history of the system (thermodynamic process). The change in the process function value depends on the way the change was implemented. Examples of process functions are heat and work.

Associated concepts:

• Function of state
• State of a property
• Syndrome of context

♥ Definiens:

Function of system's properties. It's special case in thermodynamics was called a function of state. In The Physics of Life it cannot be called like that, because it is not a function of the state of properties (e.g. 100 MPa), but just a function of properties (e.g. pressure).

Associated concepts:

• Function of state
• Function of process
• Property

♥ Definiens:

Function of state is a function which transforms the input set of given states of properties of a system.

Other definientia:

• In thermodynamics, a state function or function of state is a function defined for a system relating several state variables or state quantities that depends only on the current equilibrium state of the system.[1] State functions do not depend on the path by which the system arrived at its present state.
  [Wikipedia, 2017.08.29]

Remarks:

• Imagine a flower growing in your garden. If you take a picture at one particular time it will represent a function of state of this flower.

Associated concepts:

• State of a property
• Function of process

♥ Definiens:

• A game is a set of various structural or behavioural activities performed by an object aimed at acquiring a resource also desired by others.

• A game is accomplished by a set of many subtle and complicated operations, performed by one object (or a group of objects), to reach (or do) something whilst, another object (or another group of objects) tries to prevent the operations being successful.

Remarks:

• A game is any conflict situation and a player is one of its participant. For example, the player may be a human, an enterprise, a bacterium or an animal. Each player undertakes a certain strategy, then, depending on this strategy and the strategies of other participants, each player receives a payout of some kind. Depending on the game, these payouts may represent money, the chance to pass on their genetic code, or anything else, including pure satisfaction.
  [Wikipedia pol.: Teoria gier, State 2014.12.10]

• Game's characteristic elements
• Game within a group
• Mathematical game theory
• Strategy
• Tactic
• Game session

♥ Definiens:

Geme session is a defined sequence of games played between players.

Additional definienda:

• A game session may be complete when it ends after a certain number of games played or after a certain time, or a participant(s) is unable to continue. An example of a complete game session are sports tournaments.

• A game session can be endless when the game between players never ends. An example of an endless game session is life - some players fall out, but new generations of players are still entering the game.

• Game

♥ Definiens:

Processes occurring in a social group (even when seemingly dynamic), due to the Nature of an Honest Man and such phenomena as Natural Pressure for Social Exploitation and Prisoner's dilemma.

It concerns an individual using the group they operate within for their own purposes. An individual or a social subgroup may abandon cooperating towards achieving the goal of the social group it belongs to, and start using this group for its own purposes.

Examples are:

1. People like President Maduro of Venezuela, who ruined his own country, but significantly increased his own fortune.

Examples:

• The goalkeeper of one team taking bribes to allow the other team to score a specific amount of goals.

Quotes from literature:

• in Polish Game within a group

♥ Definiens:

Common features occurring in all kinds of games. These include, amongst others:

• Common tactics:

  1. Typical tactics of behaviour.

  2. Tactics of structure.

  3. Profilelessness: playing in such a way that the opponent can not recognize distinctive sets of tactics.

  4. Tactics of disinformation: pursuance is a process based on a feedback mechanism from which decisions are made based on the information collected about the adversary. Disinformation tactics distort the feedback information received by the opponent.

  5. Breaking the rules: gaining advantage by conscious or unconscious violation of the rules of the game.

  6. Forcing a rule change: when one of the players, or group, changes the rules for their own benefit. Of course, this leads to everyone else losing.

  7. Double-threat: when the attacker puts themselves in a position where any countermove will still lead to a deficit for the defender. In chess it is called a "fork". In basketball, commonly occurs triple-therat.

  8. Sacrifice: to lose one member or piece for the benefit of the whole.

  9. Innovation: introducing a completely new element to the game, one that the rules do not prohibit.
     Examples include:

     • the Fosbury Flop in the high jump, introduced by Dick Fosbury,
     • the ski jumping "V", introduced by John Boklöv,
     • during the 1908 Olympics in Paris, a Chinese contestant in the pole vault was innovative. An acrobat, he placed his pole next to the barrier, climbed it to the top and jumped over the bar. The referees stated that it was illegal because he was supposed to run. The Chinese participant took his pole, ran with it, placed it on the ground and repeated the previous actions. After this, the law was changed so each contestant in the pole vault is not allowed to change the grip of one hand.

   

• Common elements of pursuance:

  • Ju-do: a way to defeat en enemy by using its own resources. Examples are: when the opponent pushes, pull them, to use the opponents force against them. This name is Japanese in origin, meaning "gentle way" of winning. This definiendum in The Physics of Life is written with a hyphen to differentiate it from the sport.

  • Snooker: blocking an opponent in such a way that they can only perform complex or senseless actions.

  • Fork: execution of a single movement, causing two or more simultaneous threats to the enemy.

  • Unbalancing: when concentration plays a very important role, this method secures an advantage by disrupting the opponents decision-making processes. It attacks emotions to overcome rational thinking or learned habits. Examples include: time-wasting or calling them names.

  • Counter-attack: an automatic response to a predictable attack from an opponent to put them on the defensive or to lose.

  • Dummy: a feint which causes a typical reaction from an enemy which allows an immediate counter-attack.

  • Combination: a series of counter-attacks and dummies.

  • Speculative attack: collecting information on the characteristics of an opponent by performing attacking actions, designed to recognise typical reactions, and from this develop an effective plan of attack.

  • Euphoria from success: by performing perfectly, gradually becoming over-confident and allowing the opponent to gain the upper hand and eventally become victorious.

  • Pyrrhic victory: achieving victory by using nearly or all resources. However, the level of resources used make it like a loss.

   

• Common elements of team games:

  • Cohesion in play: predicting how your partner will perform and act accordingly. In rugby, a pass should be thrown into the space ahead of the receiver. Both players will know that the receiver will perfectly intercept the flight of the ball. A good hockey player plays where the puck is. A great hockey player plays where the puck is going to be. - Wayne Gretzky [by the Official Encyclopedia of the NHL, Gretzky is "the best player ever"].

  • Game anticipation: predicting how your opponent will perform and act accordingly. Again in rugby, the defender predicting the pass and moving to intercept it and stop it reaching the opposing player. Commonly known as to out-think or out-plan an opponent.

   

• Characteristic concepts:

  • Overachiever: a person who achieves/wins more than they would expect.

  • Underachiever: a person who achieves/wins less than they would expect.

  • Overconfidence: a state of mind where a person believes they will win with no effort. Usually, it leads to misfortune.

  • Underconfidence: a state of mind where a person believes they will lose regardless of the effort they put in. Usually, it leads to misfortune.

  • Blame Transference: a characteristic behaviour of a person who has lost. The individual is never to blame, it is always the opponent cheating, the referee making the wrong decisions, a team-mate playing badly etc.

  • Lucky Bastard: usually, at a pivotal point in a game, a player undeservedly wins due to good fortune.

   

Quotes from literature: in Polish or Google English from Polish

• associated with Game's characteristic elements

♥ Definiens:

Game theory thinking is a way of analysing reality in categories related to conflicts of interest.

The hull definition of game theory thinking can be found on a separate website.

Associated concepts:

• Thinking
• Absolute thinking
• Table of elements of thinking
• Worldview
• Game's characteristic elements

♥ Definiens:

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as transfer RNA (tRNA) or small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes, the product is a functional RNA. [Wikipedia, 2019.11.16]

♥ Definiens:

In gerpedelution (and thus in biological evolution) a chain of living objects, understood as a sequence of carriers of information, which survive. They do survive and produce descendents, because they carry the "fittest" information.

Remarks:

• Each of us is a part of the genetic chain of succession, but many of us will be the final link.

• There are as many human genetic chains of succession as there are people.

• A family having three children splits its genetic chain of succession into three.

Associated concepts:

• Reproductive success

♥ Definiens:

The design of every living object. Its carriers are self-replicable organic particles, mainly DNA and RNA. Based on this design, the innate properties of structures and behaviours of living objects are shaped.

Biological definendum of this concept is genome.

Associated concepts:

• Meme
• Design
• Genome

♥ Definiens:

Genetic design. All necessary information to build a living object.

In order to standardize naming The Life Physics uses the name genetic design instead of genome.

Associated concepts:

• Genetic design
• Memetic design

♥ Definiens:

A cyclic process consisting of three consecutive and repeated stages:

1. Production of a set of objects based on a set of designs

2. Selection from the produced objects; those that fulfill certain criteria (the so-called selection criterion) are selected

3. Copying, (sometimes/always) with (slight/important) changes, the designs of the objects which have come through the previous stage. The resulting set of designs are directed to the next production stage.

Gerpedelution is the basic model of biological evolution.

Full definition of gerpedelution.

Associated concepts:

• Biological evolution
• Evolutionary Game Model

♥ Definiens:

Nature's tendency to degrade the organized and to destroy the meaningful, the tendency for entropy to increase.

Remarks:

• This rule was formulated by Norbert Wiener in his book "The Human Use Of Human Beings": In control and communication we are always fighting nature's tendency to degrade the organized and to destroy the meaningful; the tendency, as Gibbs has shown us, for entropy to increase.

• It is interesting that this rule contradicts the process of emergence and development of life on Earth, described in detail by The Physics of Life.

♥ Definiens:

John Glubb simultaneously studied the timelines of several empires throughout history and found that there were repetitive cycles throughout these empires. Empires are born, reach their peak, and then fall apart…

According to Glubb, the duration of the world's largest civilizations lasted on average for 10 generations, 250 years. These civilizations went through a process consisting of the following stages:

1. The Age of Pioneers (outburst)
2. The Age of Conquests
3. The Age of Commerce
4. The Age of Affluence
5. The Age of Intellect
6. The Age of Decadence.

Remarks:

1.  

   Generation	Characteristic behaviour	Source of motivation	Ideology, Religion	Resources
   Age of Pioneers	This generation is extremely motivated, wants to improve their material situation at all costs. Distinguished not only by victories in battles, but also by boundless enterprise in any field. Is ready to improvise and experiment, and draw immediate conclusions from defeats and setbacks. Not bound by tradition, is able to use everything that is available for their own purposes. If one method fails, they try something else. Strong sense of group belonging. It is also the stage when leaders appear, a result of biological evolution. These leaders came from the fighters or strategists. Members of this generation are very efficient in fulfilling pursuant processes. The behaviour of the pioneers is characterized by incredible initiative and entrepreneurship, courage and boldness. These values cause that a formidable nation can rise from "barbarians", often quickly. Early victories are achieved mainly due to reckless courage and daring initiative.	Untrammelled by laws, traditions or textbooks [therefore, non-existant spate of messages], practical actions are applied as a method to solve any problem. What motivates people the most is the hunger for resources.	This generation is vulnerable to any ideology that cements the hierarchy and legitimizes theft, looting and robbery, allows any atrocity towards outsiders and promotes sacrifice. War is full of highly non-linear phenomena, and these are the initiators and constructors of religion.	This stage usually starts with a surplus in population and a lack of resources. These conditions are typical for biedocraticization, as well as creating a "lust to coerce" when fighting for resources. When an opportiunity to rob external territories arises, it leads to forced cooperation. So the resources are mainly acquired externally.
   Age of Conquests	An attacked civilization defends itself using sophisticated weapons, military organization and discipline. However, the attackers quickly discover these qualities, appreciate them and adopt them. As a result, the second phase of expansion becomes more structured, disciplined and professional. In other areas, the primary bold initiative is geographical exploration. For example, populating new countries, penetrating unknown forests, conquering wild mountains and sailing uncharted seas. This nation is confident and optimistic, and begins to treat those they have conquered as "decadent". The methods employed tend to be practical and experimental, both in government and in warfare, for they are not tied by centuries of tradition [According to me, this is more a question of a spate of messages which block flexibility. - JF.], as happens in ancient empires. Moreover, the leaders are free to use their own improvisations, not having studied politics or tactics in schools or in textbooks. Leaders are established and have already a strong power base, so they begin to create laws in order to ensure a long reign.	There is still a hunger for resources, but now they are at war and must hunger for intellectual development. To win in a pursuant manner, the invaders develop the skill of learning quickly.
   Age of Commerce	When the Age of Conquest is finishing, there is no way to become rich by conquering others. So it became obvious that people gained wealth and titles in a peaceful way. They did this by commerce and production. The invaders absorbed skills and technology of those they have conquered and created a business out of it. A good example of this is the colonisation of India by the British Empire. Money became more important than honour. A consequence of this is the next period - The Age of Affluence.	The quest for glory has been replaced by the quest for money. Because the times were less physically dangerous, the highest earners were generally those who talked rather than produce or fight.
   Age of Affluence	The decline in courage, enterprise and a sense of duty is, however, gradual. The first direction in which wealth injures the nation is a moral one. Money replaces honour and adventure as the objective of the best young men. Moreover, men do not normally seek to make money for their country or their community, but for themselves. Gradually, and almost imperceptibly, the Age of Affluence silences the voice of duty. The object of the young and the ambitious is no longer fame, honour or service, but cash. Education undergoes the same gradual transformation. No longer do schools aim at producing brave patriots ready to serve their country. Students no longer attend college to acquire learning and virtue, but to obtain those qualifications which will enable them to grow rich. The same situation is everywhere evident among us in the West today. Money is in better supply than courage, subsidies instead of weapons are employed to buy off enemies. To justify this departure from ancient tradition, the human mind easily devises its own justification. Military readiness, or aggressiveness, is denounced as primitive and immoral. Civilised peoples are too proud to fight. The ability and the will to defend a nation gradually declines within the population.	The hunger for resources disappears and is replaced by the hunger for pleasure. Hedonism becomes the strongest motivator.
   Age of Intellect	The ambition of the young, once engaged in the pursuit of adventure and military glory, and then in the desire for the accumulation of wealth, now turns to the acquisition of academic honours. However, although great discoveries are made which can benefit everybody, there is also a lot of inactivity. Perhaps the most dangerous by-product of the Age of Intellect is the unconscious growth of the idea that the human brain can solve the problems of the world. Even on the low level of practical affairs this is patently untrue. Any small human activity, the local bowls club or the ladies’ luncheon club, requires for its survival a measure of self-sacrifice and service on the part of the members. In a wider national sphere, the survival of the nation depends basically on the loyalty and self-sacrifice of the citizens. The impression that the situation can be saved by mental cleverness, without unselfishness or human self-dedication, can only lead to collapse. Another remarkable and unexpected symptom of national decline is the intensification of internal political hatreds. One of the oft-repeated phenomena of great empires is the influx of foreigners to the capital city. These newcomers can constitute a weakness in many directions. First - they effect national policy. Second - they will be less loyal and protecting primarily their own interests in times of emergency and eventually they can turn against the host nation in order to dominate.	Hunger for titles and positions rather than real skills and knowledge. All about the theory rather than the practice.
   Age of Decadence	The people in power become accustomed to power. They become less productive yet give themselves substantial, but injustified, incerases in wages. They acquire more "toys" that they think they deserve. Those with power benevolantly try to meet all the needs of the people including healthcare, education and even payments for not working. All of this need money so those in power create (inflate) money, increase taxes, go into debt or have a war to boost the economy. All of these lead to the eventual fall of the empire. As history shows, the fall may occur in different ways.	One thinks that they should be paid what they perceive they deserve. One must have the material goods that highlight their perceived greatness.

Remarks:

• Civilizations die from suicide, not by murder. – Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889-1975)

Links:

• Link to John Glubb's book "The Fate of Empires and Search for Survival".

Associated concepts:

• Social Cycle
• Revolution's Cycle
• Tytler's Cycle

Definiens:

Nothing is more disgusting than the majority: because it consists of a few powerful predecessors, of rogues who adapt themselves, of weak who assimilate themselves, and the masses who imitate without knowing what they want at all.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

The majority are demanding, envious, greedy, hateful and ruthless…

Associated concepts:

• Cognitive models of The Physics of Life

Definiens:

A set of causative factors related to self-organization of society, for example against self-tenancy or for building of the civil society.

Associated concepts:

• Social system(/object)
• Social group
• Groupism

Definiens:

Characteristic for individuals belonging to a given social group, both internal and external. Charakterystyczne dla jednostek należących do danej grupy społecznej zachowania, zarówno wewnętrzne, jak i zewnętrzne.

Groupism includes: Grupizm obejmuje:

• mechanisms of cooperation
• set of norms and standards
• value system
• way of using objects
• dress code
• biases
• vocabulary
• ceremonies and rituals

Associated concepts:

• Social group

♥ Definiens:

1. There has never been a situation where there is no situation.
2. Something always happens.

Associated concepts:

• Paradox
• Hoyle's Paradox
• Probabilistic paradox of occurrence

♥ Definiens:

The schematic showing the creation of new species by biological evolution based on two orthogonal directions: conflict and cooperation.

Remarks:

• More on HeKroGram

• The nature of the CCR5-Δ32 sequence as a victory factor can be briefly described as “I have a special feature that others do not have”. This feature is a fragment of genetic information, on the basis of which specific white blood cells are built, constituting an impenetrable barrier for haemorrhagic plague.
  
  Imagine now that we are dealing with living objects that are made of the same elements. Let one be a photosensitive particle and the other a particle transmitting an electrical signal. The first one, let’s call it a rod cell, when it receives light, produces an electric signal. The second one, let’s call it a neurone, is a kind of cable that transmits this signal further. Note that both of these elements can work independently or together.
  
  The characteristics of these elements can differ. For example, one rod cell can produce a signal only when it is illuminated by 100 photons, and another by only 10. In turn, a neurone can transmit a signal faster or slower. A very important characteristic of each biological element is how many resources are needed for it to function – its cost.
  
  A bird, whose eyes have more sensitive rod cells and faster transmitting neurones, will certainly have a better chance of survival and to have offspring. It is obvious, but how the rod cells are structurally ordered in the eye is also of great importance. If it allows you to see potential food from a greater distance, it also makes the goal of life easier to reach.
  
  And here we come to the next conclusion: there are some victory factors whose characteristics can be described as “My elements cooperate better than yours”.
  
  The aggregation of living objects is a natural process. The mathematical model of this phenomenon was developed in 1960 by Vernon E. Brock and Robert H. Riffenburgh. The researchers assumed that predatory fish were able to track and eat smaller fish only through an accidental encounter. Analysis of this model has shown that when the population of prey aggregate into larger and denser schools, the average distance between such schools is increasing. They are, therefore, less frequently distributed in space, and this reduces the probability of a randomly moving predator encountering such a school. When the predator does encounter a school, it is able to eat only a few fish. The size of the school must therefore exceed this value, and this provides most of its members with the opportunity to survive. Therefore, above a certain level, the increase in the size of the group leads to a statistical increase in the safety of its members.
  
  When the distances between living objects, which are, as we remember, flow objects, decrease, eventually specialization and cooperation occur. This phenomenon explains the already discussed economic theory of comparative advantages.
  
  Anglo-Saxon researchers emphasized the phenomenon of the struggle for existence, while Slavic researchers, in turn, pointed to examples of cooperation. And this is probably one of the most difficult issues of biological evolution to understand. One process which has two different, seemingly contradictory, directions of improvement: a path to improve mechanisms aimed at winning conflicts and a path to improve the mechanisms of strengthening cooperation. The proof of the direction of perfecting conflict is the emergence of more and more efficient tactics of structure and behaviour, aimed at a better absorption of resergy. The evidence for the direction of perfecting cooperation is that each person is a structure of perfectly cooperating cells. There is also a little-known phenomenon of symbiogenesis, that is, the emergence of new species of living objects through the gradual symbiotic integration of living objects of differing species over time.
  
  Each eukaryotic cell contains mitochondria, which have their own DNA, resembling bacterial DNA. This encodes only part of the proteins necessary for the functioning of the mitochondrion, the others are encoded by the cell’s DNA. The American biologist Lynn Margulis developed a theory that eukaryotic cells were created as a result of the cooperation of different types of bacteria. Cooperation, which through the process of biological evolution, has been tightened to the point that mitochondria, which used to be independent bacteria, became organelles, largely dependent on the DNA of the cells they are in. The process of tightening cooperation by absorbing an equivalent element which becomes mutually dependent is called endosymbiosis.
  
  The HeKroGram schematic shows the creation of new species by biological evolution based on two orthogonal directions: conflict and cooperation.
  
  

  

  A contest between two teams is a very good model of the game for resources between two living objects. Every living object, like a hockey team, is a set of cooperating elements. In the case of multicellular objects, the cooperating elements are cells, and in the case of bacteria, that are single-cell objects, the elements of its cell. To win, the hockey players must improve their attacking and defensive tactics and tactics of cooperation among themselves. The process of biological evolution works in a similar way – it allows only the objects who better acquire resources, better protect them and use them more efficiently to multiply.

  

  [Source: "The 59 keys for understanding the beginning of life", page 101]

♥ Definiens:

In psychology - the sequence of the most basic needs (resulting from bodily functions) to the needs of a higher level, which activates only after satisfying the needs of the lower level.

♥ Definiens:

One of the Cognitive models of The Physics of Life, which serves to analyse the combat of two sets of different types of living objects, type A and type B.

Assumptions:

1. Population: Set of objects type A has N_a members, and a set of type B objects has N_b;

2. Area: Both sets are placed into an enclosed area with surface S and shape K (combat takes place in a two-dimensional space, but can also go into spaces with more dimensions)

3. Movement ability: Objects move randomly. For example: type A objects move in the way Θ_a, and type B objects in the way Θ_b.
   Θ must describe the speed of movement (eg.: constant with the value V_a and V_b respectively, what happens when the trajectories of objects of the same type cross, and the way the object rebounds from the edge of the area.

4. Combat: the combat takes place when two opposite types of objects are no further than Δs. The result of the combat may be achieved instantly or after Δw time;
   if the combat is extended, more combatants may enter the fray. There may be more type A or more type B objects. All will mutually weaken, but it should be defined.

5. Life energy: The ability of an object to act, expressed in points. Initially, each of the objects has a starting life energy of Φ, for example 100.

6. Destructive power: When a type A object encounters a type B object it weakens its life energy by a certain amount η_a expressed in points up to 100. A type B object also weakens a type A object by η_b points.
   Example: after the combat, the life energy of A is Φ_a-η_b, and B - Φ_b-η_a

7. Mortality criterium: an object dies when its life energy is 0 or less.

8. Fertility: Objects of type A multiply into X_a analogous objects of type A with a life energy of Φ_a after the time ΔT_a and on the condition that their life energy is greater than Ψ_a, and the type B objects after ΔT_b period and on the condition that their life energy is greater than Ψ_b into X_b progeny.

All the above elements in bold are the parameters of this model. One can change them and observe how this change affects the result of the simulation.

Remarks:

• Parameters describing one individual are: the way of moving (Θ), Initial life energy (Φ), Destructive power(η), Fertility understood as: how many offspring (X) a living object may have compared to how often it progenates - quantum of time(ΔT)

• Population parameters: number (N),

• External conditions: Area (S,K),

Associated concepts:

• How Life Is Competing and Evolving model
• Cognitive models of The Physics of Life

♥ Definiens:

Analogous model to the How Life Is Competing model with one more added assumption:

• One Type A object, after being duplicated N times, undergoes mutation, as does a Type B object after M duplications. The mutation should be understood as a change to a slightly better or slightly worse version of one of the parameters attributed to a given individual.

Associated concepts:

• How Life Is Competing model
• Cognitive models of The Physics of Life

♥ Description:

The Physics of Life can not help but comment on the often-cited speculation regarding the probability of the emergence of life, such as, for example, described by F. Hoyle (1915-2001) and NC Wickramasinghe (1939-) in Evolution from space:

Proteins, necessary for life, are built of very complex molecules. What is the probability of an accidental creation of even quite simple protein molecules in the primordial soup? Evolutionists acknowledge that this probability is 1 in 10 to the power of 113 (1 in 10¹¹³). Meanwhile, mathematicians state that an event, which the probability of occurrence is lower than 1 in 10⁵⁰ WILL NEVER HAPPEN. One can be convinced about the unprobability of such an event knowing that the number 10¹¹³ is greater than the estimated number of all atoms in the universe. Some proteins serve as building blocks and the others for the enzymes. The latter speeds up chemical reactions in the cell, without which it would die. To operate this process, it needs not a few, but up to 2000 different protein enzymes. What is the probability of an accidental origin of such proteins? It is one in 10^40 000! "It is such an extremely small probability," says Hoyle, "that such an event would have been unthinkable even if the whole universe consisted of the primordial soup." Then he adds: "Even though one's belief or education, without prejudice, allowed him to accede to the notion that life arose on Earth [spontaneously], this simple calculation totally negates the concept."

It doesn't negate anything! Indeed, the calculated likelihood of such a protein is extremely small, but the assumption that each particle combination is equally likely is wrong. That is the first thing. Second, the process of evolutionary improvement is not a linear process, it has its accelerator characteristics (like the exponential or logarithmic), which in our terrestrial, sufficiently stable, conditions quickly (e.g. "only" a few billion years) brought into existence, and still shapes, not only proteins but also plants, animals and humans. The process of evolutionary improvement acts on all living objects and is not subject to discussion. However, that life arose on Earth or was accidentally brought here by a cellestial collision is not important for us. To reiterate: the mechanism of life seeks for an opportunity for an improvement over a long time, the solution is found by chance and quickly perfected. As we will show, life from outer space is much less probable than its emergence here on Earth and on any other, Earth-like, heavenly body.

To embarrass the quoted professors from the University of Cardiff, who have stated that the likelihood of the emergence of life on Earth is "a totally negated concept", let us respond to their simple calculation with an equally simple calculation of our own. Let us calculate the number of bacterium there would be in four and a half billion years, assuming that they reproduce once a day. [Replication of the elements within the cell runs a lot faster: DNA replication proceeds at a speed of one thousand nucleotides per second! Therefore, assuming that the rate of replication is, for example, one second, from one single replicator, after two days there would be 10⁵²⁰¹⁶ copies. It seems that the cited professors did not consider this phenomenon in their calculations. However the fastest cellular organisms reproduce approximately every 20-25 minutes in favorable conditions.] So, the first day there are two, the next - four, the third eight, and so on. The general formula is known even by schoolchildren: where n equals the number of days, their number should amount to 2ⁿ. So how many of them should there be, lets say after 1 642 500 000 000 days (equivalent to 4.5 billion years times 365 days)? The answer should amaze and give food for thought: 10^{500 000 000 000}! It makes the "extremely small probability" (10^40 000 to remind you) shown by the quoted professors pale into insignificance. Our simple calculation shows that with such a rate of reproduction (remember - one division per day, and the bacteria under favorable conditions - when all the necessary resources are available - can multiply up to seventy times faster) nature has 10^{500 000 000 000} trials to build "a totally random" chain of particles, such us human DNA. So, gentlemen professors, you calculated your probability wrong! We came to our results assuming total randomness of the event, but biological evolution has a powerful booster in the form of natural selection! To realize the speed of this process we need to do another calculation.

The average weight of a single bacteria is estimated to be about 1*10^-12 of a gram, and the mass of the Earth is 6*10²⁷ grams. A simple calculation shows that only 133 divisions are required, from one bacteria, to found a colony in excess of the mass of the Earth! Obviously this is not possible because the Earth does not have as many free resources as required. Let's imagine that we have a great tissue culture with the volume of Lake Baikal - the lake with the most volume in the world. In this arena, only 100 divisions are required to force bacterium to "struggle for existence". It could happen in less than two days.

Associated concepts:

• Paradox
• Paradox of industrialisation
• Probabilistic paradox of occurrence

♥ Definiens:

A key dilemma for game theory which refers to societies. Particular interests of individuals and social groups are so strong that all members of society are not able to behave pro-socially. Most profitable for the individual is to act selfishly when the rest of the society acts unselfishly.

The orthogonality of the I/group is reflected in the fact that the enrichment of individuals impoverishes society in which they operate.

In most cases, the so-called "life payout tables" are naturally arranged so that the selfishness of individuals causes (total) loss in society i.e. even those individuals lose in the long-term, and this is due to the impoverishment of society. For example, the holdings of the leaders of the communist countries of Eastern Europe at the end of the twentieth century was lower than the average citizen in the Western European countries such as Germany, England and France.

Remarks:

• The description of this dilemma by Rafal A. Ziemkiewicz: Free market - the essence of the problem is that it is beneficial to the public as a whole, but unnecessary to anyone or any social group, unless both think about their own business. The free market is the best way to ensure the development of a civilization, providing prosperity and increasing the quality of life. But from the point of view of each individual: the worker, the farmer, the politician, and above all, the governmental clerk, it is convenient to spoil the free market, by receiving a governmental grant or by paying less due to social aid instead of producing and negotiating prices. Contrary to the stereotype, it is also convenient for the entrepreneur. The more he prospers, the less he likes that someone competes against him, forcing him to continuously strive for lower prices and higher quality, and may even make him a pauper. Everyone, including the rich man, wants to feel safe. So it is likely that he accepts the safety given to him by a brotherhood with power and getting sponsorship in return which guarantees that he will maintain his high position. As a matter of fact, amongst the supporters of the free market, are those that are enriching themselves and climbing up the social ladder. But this support only lasts while they are successful.

  I sometimes think that the rearranging of this social Rubik's Cube (acceptance by the will of the majority of what is good for everybody, but it is bad for each individual or group) is a kind of maturity test, provided to us by fate or, if you will, some cosmic being, which we are failing at the moment. [Rafał A. Ziemkiewicz, "In brief"]

  It's not a cosmic being, but pure Physics of Life. The natural tendency of social systems is to continuously oscillate. These oscillations are caused by this and other dilemmas.

• Tragedy of the commons: discusses the concept of a microeconomic social trap in which the self-interest of one or more of the people in the community leads to a loss for the community as a whole. The concept leads to the conclusion that unrestricted access to limited public goods - such as pasture - leads to their overexploitation.

• The selection takes place on several levels. On the one hand, we have a classic selection in the Darwinian sense, in which individuals compete with each other. But other than that, individuals form groups that compete with each other as teams. (…) This is absolutely fundamental(…) Homo sapiens was shaped by the interaction between individual and group selection, with individual selection responsible for most of what we call "sin" and group selection for most "virtues". We are in constant conflict between dedication to community and selfishness and the struggle for our own benefits. - Edward O. Wilson

Associated concepts:

• Game within a group

Quotes from literature: in Polish or Google English from Polish

• associated with I/Group dilemma

♥ Definiens:

Ideology is a collection of beliefs held by an individual or a social group. It can be described as a set of conscious and unconscious ideas which make up one's behaviours, goals, expectations, and motivations.

Remarks:

• The one who believes in something, even if it is false, is still in front of the one who does not believe in anything. - A. Hitler.

♥ Definiens:

To increase the size or value of something artificially, like adding tin to gold coins to reduce cost and keep value

Latin. inflatio - inflate

Full definition of inflation

Remarks:

• In 1984-85 - the currency of Bolivia, which was then experiencing a period of hyperinflation, lost 23 454% of its worth,
  and Nicaragua, within 58 months of hyperinflation raging there from 1986 to 1991, 13 109%.
  Meanwhile, in Venezuela, inflation has already reached 980 000% in the last 12 months.

Links:

• Avoid the Fiscal Cliff - Economic Freedom Speech - Pierre Poilievre

• Milton Friedman - Understanding Inflation 71 017 views up to 2016.03.12 and 222 465 views up to 2018.06.12
  11.51 - The truth is that inflation is created in one single place - in the national money-printing houses.

• Milton Friedman - The Nature Of Inflation 23 355 views up to 2016.03.12
  2.25 - inflation is always and everywhere the result of too much money. And only the government decides how much money there is on the market

• Nicolaus Copernicus quote about the spoiling of money
  Though innumerable defeats, as a result of which kingdoms, duchies and republics fall down in plain sight, according to my opinion, four have the biggest impact: discord, mortality, infertility of the earth and depletion of the coin. The first three are so obvious that no one denies them, but the fourth, concerning the coin, is recognized only by a few, and those with deeper wondering because it affects the failure of the state not immediately and violently, but slowly and secretly.

Associated concepts:

• Money

Quotes from literature: in Polish or Google English from Polish

• associated with Inflation

♥ Definiens:

(Interpreted) sequence (or structure) of states.

More about the concept of

Other definientia:

• Information, in its most restricted technical sense, is an ordered sequence of symbols. [Wikipedia-eng, State 2014.03.16. On 2019.09.15 this record was not available on Wikipedia]

• Information, in its most restricted technical sense, is an ordered sequence of symbols that can be interpreted… [Wikipedia-eng, State 2019.09.15]

Remarks:

• Information may arise spontaneously in a natural way.

• The word "interpreted" was deliberately included in brackets, because a sequence of states is (potential) information, and the (potential) information only becomes (appropriate) information only when it is interpreted.

♥ Definiens:

RPD-type objects, which not only absorb resources and split, but also constitute information.

Remarks:

• DNA and RNA chains are an example of such replicators.

Associated concepts:

• Synthesizing replicator
• Non-informative_replicator
• Life
• Biological evolution
• RPD-type object

♥ Definiens:

Factors bringing an object into existence.

Remarks:

• In other words: a triggering stimulus

• Initiators of the object "fence" include: demand, threat, safety, decision, aesthetics.

Associated concepts:

• Object
• Causative factors
• Destructors
• Constructors
• Terminators

♥ Definiens:

It is a measure of the efficiency of the accomplishment of pursuance.

Other definientia:

• Intelligence is what you use when you do not know what to do. - Jean Piaget, a Swiss biologist and psychologist.

• General intelligence is the ability to adapt to new conditions and to perform new tasks by the use of thinking. - William Stern, a German psychologist and philosopher.

• Intelligence is the ability to quickly find appropriate solutions in a situation that seems (to observers) to require an enormous research effort. - Douglas Lenat, Edward Feigenbaum, researchers dealing with artificial intelligence.

• Intelligence is the ability to optimize the use of scarce resources - including time - to achieve profits. - Raymond Kurzweil, inventor and futurist.

• Ability to achieve real results.

Quotes from literature: in Polish or Google English from Polish

• associated with Intelligence

♥ Definiens:

A key model in mathematical game theory to illustrate that the trust and cooperational behaviours of the members of a group are essential to guarantee the survival of the group.

Iterated cooperation dilemma occurs when two players play consecutive prisoner's dilemma games and change their strategy according to the previous actions of their opponent. The fundamental conditon of this game lies in that both players must stay alive, which means that they cannot have zero points or less.

Associated concepts:

• Mathematical game theory
• Prisoner's dilemma
• Iterated prisoner's dilemma

♥ Definiens:

A key cognitive model in mathematical game theory to illustrate the dependency of economical development of the group on the trust and cooperational behaviours of its members.

Iterated prisoner's dilemma occurs when two players play consecutive prisoner's dilemma game and change their strategy according to the previous actions of their opponent.

Full description of "Iterated prisoners dilemma"

Associated concepts:

• Mathematical game theory
• Iterated cooperation dilemma
• Prisoner's dilemma

♥ Definiens:

One of the most important sociological experiments for The Physics of Life, showing that a group of young ordinary people can be programmed to hold extreme views and behaviour (fascist) within only five days.

Ron Jones, a history teacher in an American high school, explained how the German population could accept the actions of the Nazi regime during the Second World War. During his "Contemporary World History" class, Jones found it difficult to explain how the German people could accept the actions of the Nazis, and decided to create a social movement as a demonstration of the appeal of fascism. Over the course of five days, Jones conducted a series of exercises in his classroom emphasizing discipline and community, intended to model certain characteristics of the Nazi movement.
[Wikipedia 2015.05.12]

This experiment shows how easy it is to transform a group of ordinary teenagers into extreme fascists using simple methods, in only five days.

Description of the experiment made by Ron Jones.

Links:

• http://www.thewavehome.com/ - the website devoted to this experiment.
• A documentary about the whole process
• The Wave - Israeli Educational Television.
• A direct description of Ron Jones' experiment made by Ron Jones himself.
• Ron Jones talks about The Third Wave, Fascism, Ukraine and relationship with Russia 2017.08.13

Associated concepts:

• Ahamkara
• The most important experiments in The Physics of Life
• John Calhoun's experiment

Definiens:

A journalist is a person who collects, edits and spreads news and information.

Journalists, like any other professional group, behave in their own characteristic way. There are also certain stereotypes associated with them.

Remarks:

• The power of persuasion:
  Savonarola developed a violent, harassing and threatening style of preaching, and this further attracted crowds who began to follow his recommendations, e.g. women changed to more modest clothes and the rich gave back the money they had shelled out.
  [Wikipedia pol. 2020.02.15]

• In 1880, John Swinton, a New York journalist, was the guest of honour at a banquet given by leaders of the media craft. When one of the attendees proposed a toast to the independent press, Swinton delivered the following "thoughtcrime" speech:
  There is no such thing, at this date of the world's history, in America, as an independent press. You know it and I know it. There is not one of you who dares to write your honest opinions, and if you did, you know beforehand that it would never appear in print. I am paid weekly for keeping my honest opinion out of the paper I am connected with. Others of you are paid similar salaries for similar things, and any of you who would be so foolish as to write honest opinions would be out on the streets looking for another job. If I allowed my honest opinions to appear in one issue of my paper, before twenty-four hours my occupation would be gone. The business of the journalists is to destroy the truth, to lie outright, to pervert, to vilify, to fawn at the feet of mammon, and to sell his country and his race for his daily bread. You know it and I know it, and what folly is this, toasting an independent press? We are the tools and vassals of rich men behind the scenes. We are the jumping jacks, they pull the strings and we dance. Our talents, our possibilities and our lives are all the property of other men. We are intellectual prostitutes.

Associated concepts:

• Professional groups' features
• First Law of The Physics of Life
• Professions' macroscope
• Journalists'_macroscope

• on the concept of Journalists

• 2021.10.31 - Thomas Jefferson's brilliant quotes on journalists

Definiens:

The journalists macroscope is the professions macroscope of journalists and the professional group they constitute.

In other words, the macroscope of journalistic incompetence, arrogance and, at the same time, enormous influence.

1. Profile of people employed/working as journalists

   • Mainly, so-called, humanistic education - i.e. lack of logical reasoning
   • There are very few people who studied technical studies
   • There are hardly any people with management practice
   • There are no practitioners in the field of the management of financially self-sustaining systems, i.e. selling goods produced on a voluntary basis to consumers and generating a profit. In short, real enterprises = free-market enterprises, benefiting from neither subsidies nor bailouts.
   • Dependent journalists. e.g.: W. Duranty, W. Falska
   • Fairly independent journalists: G. Orwell, G. Jones
   • The less someone knows, the more chance they will have to become a journalist, 2, 3, their education is not always the best, 5

   To sum up: the over-representation of ill-educated people who have no idea about economics, managing people or a real business, and who speak on these subjects in a public forum, thereby conveying their opinions to the masses.

2. Motivant of a journalist

   • Earn
   • Be popular
   • To be recognised
   • To be rewarded

3. Motivant of a media centre

   • Earn
   • Gather a wide audience
   • Achieve what the funding body requires
   • In the free market: to attract advertisers
   • In the socialist-totalitarian gravitational field: to be favoured by those in power

4. Methods used by a journalist

   • They select their interviewees (according to their own level)
   • They sucking up to those who they should suck up to, 2
   • They discredit those who they think should be discredited, 2, 3
   • They standing for a thesis they have to support
   • They refute claims that are able to be refuted
   • They create absurd legends
   • They hear what they want to hear
   • They build a career on criticism
   • They build a career on defamation, 2
   • They create images, 2, 3
   • Looking for an exact method, some universal recipe, that can always serve people
   • They build widespread beliefs
   • They foster passionate debates which do not lead to any conclusions, 2, 3, 4
   • They hide behind higher ground, 2, 3
   • They influence society
   • They are vulnerable to corruption, 2, 3
   • They have specialised journalistic areas of focus
   • They select on the basis of their own perception, 2, 3
   • They tell you what and how to think
   • They have the power over the "microphone"

5. Methods used by the media centre

   • Selection of journalists
   • Selection of titles
   • Methods of establishing credibility
   • Remuneration of journalists
   • Addictions of journalists
   • Being a propaganda tube
   • Giving people not what they want but what the media centre thinks they should get
   • Chains of false quotations, 2, Mirror-image method, Levelling the hierarchy of importance
   • Creation of rumours, 2
   • Promoting affairs and scandals, 2, 3
   • Inducing the desired response, 2

6. The external environment in which the journalist operates

   • Remuneration of salaried employees
   • Remuneration based on the number of impressions
   • The so-called editorial ideological line

7. External conditions in which the media institution operates

   • Imposing what can and cannot be said
   • Monopoly on dissemination of information

8. Natural phenomena

   • Sucking up to journalists
   • Reverence disproportionate to intellectual merit
   • Human reasoning on social issues defies logic

Remarks:

• A so-called "top journalist" who has been weaned off sponsorship cannot create a self-financing news portal.

• By what criteria do so-called "top journalists" judge the qualifications of a new ambassador.

• Journalists
• Professions' macroscope

Definiens:

Dilemma occurring in the management of a country. On the one hand, we do not want to hurt anyone, on the other, the driving force of progress is the selection of the best, and therefore rejecting (hurting) the worst (See Creative Destruction).

Description:

Once an acquaintance of mine, a director of a public hospital, complained that doctors were leaving to other hospitals, going to hospitals immersed in debt. I The doctor said that he does not want to put his own hospital in debt. Most people go where they are payed more, and they don't care whether the facility is in debt or not; they only want a higher salary - he added.

The key dilemma of management lies in deciding what to do with institutions that are so much in debt that there is no possibility that they are able to manage this debt themselves. The essence of this dilemma is illustrated in the table which represents the balance of losses and benefits, individually and socially, of both decisions:

Remarks:

• In essence, this dilemma comes down to the key dilemma of biological evolution - dilemma of the proportion of losses.

♥ Definiens:

When creating a government that gives one the power over another, there are two main problems: what kind of power and how much the government should have to be able to fairly run and control the society, and what kind of power and how much for the society to have a means of control over those in power to stop them abusing their position.

Remarks:

• Among the best ordered and governed kingdoms of our times is France and in it are found many good institutions on which the liberty and security of the king depends. Of these, the first is the parliament and its authority. The person who founded the kingdom, knowing the ambition of the nobility and their boldness, considered that there needed to be a way to control them. On the other side, knowing the hatredof the people, founded in fear, against the nobles, he wished to protect the people. However, he did not want this to be the particular responsibility of the king. Therefore, to take away the criticism which the king would face from the nobles for favouring the people and from the people for favouring the nobles, he set up the parliament which would be one who could beat down the great and favour the lesser without the king being blamed. You could not have a better or more effective arrangement, or a greater source of security to the king and kingdom.
  - Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527), "The Prince", Chapter 19.

• This dilemma was also formulated by James Madison (1751-1836), one of the authors of the constitution of the United States:
  “If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself. A dependence on the people is, no doubt, the primary control on the government; but experience has taught mankind the necessity of auxiliary precautions.”

• If the Constitution and the awareness of the citizens do not provide this balance, it contributes to the development of tyranny.

• Governance, then, is an example of an orthogonal phenomena.

• Another description of this dilemma:

  […] it is an attempt to answer the question of how to manage relations between the state and the individual, so that the state does not devour human freedom, for which it always has an undaunted appetite. On the other hand - that human wilfulness does not destroy the state - because it is also needed.
  […]
  mutual recognition of freedom required to refrain from offending the others. This offence I call willfulness.

  [St. Michalkiewicz, "Freedom and willfulness", Najwyższy Czas 9/2011, str. XLV]

Quotes from literature: in Polish or Google English from Polish

• associated with Key dilemma of ruling

Definiens:

Those in power who use the following methods are leading the country to economic downfall and civilizational collapse:

1. Centralization of power: Limiting social participation in the governance
2. Manual control: those in power are destroying the economy by interfering in the mechanisms of the free market
3. Destroying institutions so that they cannot control the actions of those in power. Making institutions dependent on nepotism and employing people who are on a financial leash
4. Institutional theft: Inflation - spoiling your own currency
5. Institutional theft: Continued levies and/or tax increases
6. Bad investments from social funds
7. Actions leading to the destruction of social capital
8. Compradorism: Making their own country dependent on foreigners - auto-colonialism
9. Corruption of the authorities - a derivative of destroyed institutions
10. Putting the country in debt
11. Self-propaganda
12. Restricting freedom of speech
13. Pumping public money into various social projects, without mechanisms for their effective use and control. By giving a fish, not a fishing rod.
14. Creation of state monopolies for the purpose of a/. creation of wage places and b/. sucking and pushing public money to those in power so that they can spend it outside the social control

Associated concepts:

• Characteristic features of those in power
• Model of governance
• Typical instruments of governance

♥ Definiens:

The Law of Comparative Advantage says that the set of flow objects, naturally develop specializations in production/consumption exchanges of resources, provided that there are relative differences in the cost of their production.

It is a natural tendency of such systems, which results from the fact that they are submitted to biological evolution. These differences in the cost production are the result of disturbances in duplication.

The third essential feature of biological evolution is due to the Law of Comparative Advantage.

Associated concepts:

• Model of comparative advantage
• The third essential feature of biological evolution

♥ Definiens:

All matter in the Universe tends to concentrate, each astronomical object is a centre of concentration. Larger objects absorb smaller ones. The most concentrated matter is called a black hole. When concentrated matter reaches its certain critical value an explosion occurs, for example, The Big Bang.

The phenomenon caused by this law also occurs in Earthly conditions. Some chemical particles tend to concentrate (creating objects with a certain structure), and when they exceed certain limits, they break down. This phenomenon has been called the RPD-type phenomenon.

Associated concepts:

• Another definiendum of this law is called Duality of nature.

♥ Definiens:

Features and behaviours of a living object are dependent on:

1. external conditions,
2. its species evolutionary history, and
3. its own experiences.

Associated concepts:

• Probabilistic paradox of occurrence

Definiens:

There is a certain threshold of existence above which society is unable to initiate a grassroots rebellion against the government

Associated concepts:

• Laws of The Physics of Life

Definiens:

The law according to which social systems, at some level of development, naturally tend towards socialism. It is due to the natural causative factors built into human beings by biological evolution.

1. We are born as consuming takers and a few evolve into producing makers

2. Most people do not want freedom because it implies responsiblity. Most people will pass governance to somebody else. This increases in crisis situations.

3. Suitable education is required to transform human beings into makers, if this is not provided, we stay as takers. But purely theoretical education not supported by pressure to acquire experiences in achieving goals and competing is not sufficient.

4. A taker accepts any kind of ideology which allows him to take from those who are richer or different

5. It is easy to convince a taker to such ideology by promising him: freedom from worries, freedom from exams at universities, freedom from work, freedom from competition, rewards without effort and a good salary.

6. A taker only thinks of what he can get and is unaware of those who are poorer than him

7. It is based on the Nature of an Honest Man and Ahamkara:

   • we are lazy
   • we overstate fear
   • we prefer to listen to what pleases us: poor people deserve to get something for free = I deserve to get something for free
   • we consider every rich person as a looter and never as a producer
   • the red eye syndrome - greed
   • Most of us are equipped with a mechanism of socialist hypocrisy, in which we proclaim slogans such as: "People must be helped", "People have to be respected", "People shoud be well rewarded". But in fact we neither help nor respect them, and when it comes to paying them we try to pay as little as possible. In fact, we demand that someone else does it, but we use these slogans to cover our true attitude that contradicts them.

8. Those who cannot or do not want to work are vulnerable to socialist ideology: young people, lazy people, the sick, the victims of fate.

9. Being in constant close contact with others in overpopulated areas and/or spate of messages, which cause a lack of social engagement.

Remarks:

• The definiendum of this law should be "Universal Human Gravity towards Socialism".

Associated concepts:

• Law
• Socialism
• Fedoseev’s table
• Szymanski's table

Definiens:

Laws which describe the relationships between chemical particles and living objects which are created from them.

1. The law of the formation of life - the terrestrial life processes which may have been initiated by chemical particles having the 5 fundamental properties of chemical particles to initiate biological evolution.

2. The law of improvement of life in subsequent generations - disturbances, selection, optimization of absorbtion of resources.

3. The law of the optimization of absorbtion of resources

4. The law of balancing of resources

5. The law of population's force

6. The law of reaction to external conditions

7. The rule of dependence

♥ Definiens:

1. The First Law of The Physics of Life - the law of shaping the tactics of behaviour and the tactics of structure by the source of resergy and external conditions.

2. The Second Law of The Physics of Life - the law of increasing the efficiency level of a body's given characteristic as a result of increasing its use, and in reverse, reducing its efficiency due to inactivity.

Associated concepts:

• The First Law of The Physics of Life
• The Second Law of The Physics of Life
• Law of Social Rebellion

♥ Definiens:

a man preaching general, indisputable, moral ideology, without making people aware and using the mechanism of Natural Pressure for Social Exploitation, in order to get their resources. Theoretically, distributing to the needy, but in practice he gives only what remains after taking his share, which he considers due to him. The Nature of an Honest Man causes that the Leftist takes as much as possible.

Remarks:

• As Stefan Kisielewski (1911-1991) said: "Socialism is perfectly suitable for falsifying collective consciousness because it is the intellectual temptation for quasi-intellectuals". Democrats are mostly socialists, because it is a nice-sounding utopia that is caught up by these quasi-intellectuals, the majority of whom are in society. Socialists say what people want to hear, they are "pro-social", they give away almost everything, for everyone and "for free", which is why they are better received than the right-wing politicians who promise nothing, but induce people to work ("Windy" the rightists are!). Of course, before this free distribution, in more or less hidden form, they take money from people in the form of tax. They waste most of this money, they steal some, they build something for the rest and brag about how much they did to their constituents. Unfortunately, voters mostly catch these socialist promises, not understanding that nothing, ablolutely nothing, in this world is for free. In democracy, "everyone has equal stomachs", as some say, and therefore national goods are evenly divided. Thus, those who work hard, persistently and effectively are burdened with large taxes to satisfy the idle and the loafers. In this way pathologies arise, leading even to the imbalance of the role of the family in society. If work and its effects are punishable by high taxes and inactivity rewarded by unemployment benefits, a reversal of value occurs. Therefore, a mother with a child who lives in a civil partnership and does not marry, and one who is married fakes a divorce only to claim the benefits for single mothers. Democracy does not understand that "even" does not mean "fair" at all. This system degenerates the value of work, activity and creativity, raising a lazy and demanding society.

• If someone is not able to produce anything that anyone else would like to buy, Leftism starts.

• The test for a leftist is a penny widow - in fact, a balance sheet, in which it does not count how much someone gave, but what value the donation was for him.

• It is a person who goes from milking from the mother when young to milking society as an adult.

Quotes:

• None of the people shouting "Welcome refugees" has prepared their own home or tents in their own garden to welcome even a few of them. – Dietrich Mateschitz, co-founder of the Red Bull energy drink company.

• …generally: lazy inside and a dodger, usually riding on somebody's achievements and work. This is a core principle.

• When, in 1995, the Adam Smith Centre investigated the amount of confiscation of the income of a family of non-agricultural workers, it turned out that the government confiscates as much as 83% of such a families income. Then it gives back some of the confiscated money in the form of so-called socialist collective consumption, i.e. - state medical, educational or social services. But - as researched in the US by Prof. Walter Williams and as Jacob Goldsmith says in the book "Trap" - only 28% of funds allocated to the "poor" under social programmes launched in 1965 by President Johnson, indeed, went to the poor - and 72% were intercepted by bureaucratic apparatuses that administered these programmes and grew all the time - just like in our National Health Fund or other institutions favouring us.

  Because our bureaucracy is no better than the American one, it probably wastes more than 72% on its own needs. Some of this funding is used to corrupt the media, which keeps poor, naive people in the belief that if the state did not take 83% of their income from them, everyone would die on the streets. Because of naivety, and probably dullness, these people cannot understand that they are currently financing, from their own money, not only all the benefits that the state gives them, but also a growing army of bureaucrats who, after all, also eat. If these bureaucrats were not there, it would be much cheaper to pay for the same benefits. For example, for a medical service, the taxpayer pays $100. Of this $100, the bureaucracy takes $72, while direct contractors get $28. So, if the privatization of the healthcare sector, that is - if the money went TO THE PATIENT, and not somewhere else unknown, even if hospitals, doctors and nurses demand twice as much, it would be only $56, not $100!
  [St. Michalkiewicz. "Column for normal people" - translated into English]

• Let us not be fooled by their generosity from our pockets and at the cost of our personal security. - Margaret Todd

Associated concepts:

• Socialism

Quotes from literature: in Polish or Google English from Polish

• associated with Leftism

Definitions:

Defined 2018.04.16

Life is a never-ending competition of a set of replicating information carriers, absorbing the external resources necessary to build themselves and their protective systems up, and for reproduction.

The set of replicating information carriers that have triggered a process of biological evolution which, in turn, brings changes to the information stored within these carriers and, in certain conditions, selects the most favourable changes from the point of view of absorbing resources, building its protective systems and reproduction. These are then passed on to further replications and adverse changes, like in a competition, are rejected.

[Definition developed after writing the content of the book "59 keys for understanding the beginning of life"]

Defined on 2015.05.23

Life is a never-ending competition between units of information, which actively absorb the external components necessary to build themselves and multiply. The set of units of information which triggered the process of biological evolution, and this process changes the subsequent generations of theses units.

[I named this definition "Saint John/Dawkins definition of life", the former spoke of information from nothing (which became flesh), the latter talked about selfish information.]

Defined on 2015.03.07

Life is a side product (a result) of a tangle of an unimaginably large number of processes, not necessarily nice and pleasant for humans, generated by the RPD phenomenon.

Defined on 2015.03.06

Life is a game for acquiring resources led by self-replicating objects. [Note, this definition applies to objects that are traditionally considered to be alive. There is a high probability that self-replicating computer viruses or other self-replicating alien objects undergo a process similar to biological evolution. It will probably fulfill the conditions of this definition, but would compete (play) for different kinds of resources than liposomes, nucleotides and amino acids. Then this kind of "life" would need to be clarified using different adjectives. If it happens, our life would have to be termed as "terrestrial life".]

The simplest self-replicating objects are RPD-type chemical particles, which we know as: liposomes (spherical membrane built with free phospholipids), RNA (linear, unbranched polymers of nucleotides built with deoxyribose) and DNA (linear, unbranched polymers built with ribose nucleotides). These particles, playing for resources, which are needed for them to (re)build, generate the process of biological evolution on the principle of self-excitation. The basic model of this process is gerpedelution, which consists of three cyclically repeating, consecutive, stages of: building of objects, selection of objects and the duplication, with possible alterations, of the designs of selected objects. Biological evolution, with the (living) objects submitted to it, constitute an autodynamic system. In short, a system that changes features of the objects submitted to it, and these, in turn, change the features of the process itself.

Self-replicating objects need resources to build themselves, and because they replicate, sooner or later, the resources will start to run out and the objects will be forced to operate in an environment of limited resources. Their strategy is to acquire the necessary resources to build themselves. They use two main tactics within this strategy: tactics of structure - better acquisition of resources is possible due to the placement of elements; and tactics of behaviour - better acquisition of resources is possible due to given actions and reactions. If the selection is strong enough, only the objects absorbing resources in an optimal way can pass through. It means that biological evolution becomes a process of perfecting both of these tactics only when there is strong selection. Because the game has a lot of objects competing for the same resources at the same time, this improvement is carried out simultaneously in two orthogonal (perpendicular) directions: better at winning conflict situations and/or better collaborating. And this means that biological evolution transforms RPD-type chemical particles, in its subsequent generations, into the following organizational levels: see Organizational levels of living objects.

Defined on 2009.12.14

it is a feature of a set of synthesizing replicators absorbing external resources to (re)build themselves by assembling and placing its elements based on the information contained within them, until division. This behaviour of synthesizing replicators generates the process of biological evolution, which in turn, shapes subsequent generations of synthesizing replicators.

A bit wider:

Synthetising replicators (which are RPD-type objects) together with biological evolution (the basic model of which is gerpedelution) constitute an autodynamic system which constantly changes subsequent generations of synthetising replicators, changing them into living objects.

According to the Principles of The Physics of Life the dynamics of intergenerational changes in tactics of structure (how one is built) and tactics of behaviour (how one behaves) of living objects results from the influence of two characteristic components of biological evolution: aggregation of cooperation and escalation of conflict. These intergenerational changes have resulted in:

1. 5 distinguishable Organizational levels of living objects

2. that most advanced living objects pursue the life purpose in a pursuant way. In other words they are Self-reliant pursuant objects.

Problems with the definition of life:

The process of biological evolution is crucial to understanding and defining life. This process, which was initiated by replicators, not only created living objects but is still shaping them. This process was triggered by informative replicators and, cooperating with them, non-informative replicators, such as phospholipid memebranes.

One of the characteristics of biological evolution is, apart from aggregation of cooperation and conflict escalation, the production of novelty due to disturbances of information replication . It is most likely that protein synthesizing replicators emerged as a result of such novelty production and aggregation of cooperation.

And now the key philosophical question: since when can we say that a given object made of chemical particles is biological - that is, when did it become alive? If, at the dawn of biological evolution RNA and DNA particles, replicating in the primordial soup, should be considered as living objects. The same can be said about viruses, which are considered, by some, not to be living objects. However, if we consider the turning point being the emergence of synthesizing replicators, then RNA, DNA and viruses cannot be considered as alive.

Therefore, everything in the definition of life depends on our decision. However, the process of biological evolution, from its very beginning, remains the key issue.

Other definientia:

I quote some of the Wikipedia definitons of this concept which, however, are not logically correct, because the definiendum is defined by the definiendum itself (the logical error idem per idem):

• Life is a characteristic that distinguishes physical entities that have biological processes, such as signaling and self-sustaining processes, from those that do not, either because such functions have ceased (they have died), or because they never had such functions and are classified as inanimate. Various forms of life exist, such as plants, animals, fungi, protists, archaea, and bacteria. The criteria can at times be ambiguous and may or may not define viruses, viroids, or potential synthetic life as "living". Biology is the science concerned with the study of life. [State 2020.01.14]

• property of certain physical systems (so-called organisms) in which life processes take place [State 2012.02]

Remarks:

• The Physics of Life deals with the creation and analysis of cognitive and predictive models related to life.

♥ Definiens:

Original name of the model How Life Is Competing.

♥ Definiens:

Division of human life into stages characterized by a given motivation and given tactics of behaviour. From the perspective of the balance of resergy, the most fundamental division for The Physics of Life is as follows:

1. Consumer's period - childhood

2. Producer's period - optional (see Atlases/Looters)

3. Consumer's period - old age

From a practical point of view, the best seems to be the Human Life Cycle represented in a Buddhist temple in Sri Lanka::

		Characteristic	Female	Male	Recommendations
00		Post-conception No concept of Self.
01		Infancy Total reliance on caregiver. Developing awareness. Absorbing knowledge like a sponge.
02		Childhood Man is programmed by external factors: the culture of the country, parenting, influence of other people, the education system and the economic conditions in which they live. Absorbing knowledge. Acquiring and developing primordial abilities. Learning through play. Apply learned knowledge and discover boundaries.
03		Adolescence Emotional growth. Learn social intricacies.
04		Life-partner search Hormone explosion, desire for independence, sexual growth, emotional maturity. Learn social intricacies. Adopting learned social intricacies.
05		Parenthood Responsibility and caregiving compulsion. Learning to nurture, physically and emotionally.
06		Full maturity Relative independence from caregiving, emotional freedom. Period of personal achievment. Retrospection. Mid-life crises, wanting to do things you could not do when younger. Recapturing youth. Physical limitations begin to appear. Empty nest syndrome. Desire to share acquired knowledge.
07		Pre-retirement Awareness of mortality and fighting against it. Physical degradation. Reduction of social activity.
08		Retirement Gradual increase in the focus of Self. Degradation of basic motor functions. Degradation of mental functions. Desire to regain youth.
09		Pre-extinction Reliance on others. Acknowledging their own mortality. Accepting death.
10		Extinction Bio-Software and/or Bio-Hardware cease to be operational.